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When selected, activates
heading mode.
PUSH SYNC:
Used to synchronize heading
bug to present heading.
20 20
10 10
10 10
20 20
HDG
VOR
29.92 IN
AP2 VS 200 30000
9500
10500
220
200
190
180
170
160
150
185
6
4
10000
80
20
For Training Purposes Only
Sept 04
2-17
P I LOT T R A I N I N G GU I D E
AUTOMATIC FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM
The bank angle can also be toggled between high and low bank limits by means of the
BANK switch on the guidance panel.
When heading or VOR mode are active with the low bank limit, an “eyebrow” is
displayed between ± 17° on top of the attitude sphere on the PFD.
Lateral Navigation Modes
Lateral navigation mode is activated by selecting the NAV button on the guidance
panel. The following navigation sources may be activated:
• Very high frequency Omnidirectional Range (VOR)
• Localizer (LOC)
• FMS Lateral Navigation (LNAV)
If in (ROL) mode when (NAV) is selected, heading select mode is automatically
activated. A capture of any armed lateral navigation mode will cancel the heading
mode.
Lateral navigation guidance and automatic transitions are computed based on the
following data, received from the selected PFD:
• Lateral path deviation (VOR and LOC)
• Course or heading error
• NAV source identification (VOR, LOC, FMS)
• VOR radio frequency retuned flag
• To-From flag
• Distance to station (DME) and tuned -to-NAV flag
• Radio altitude
20 20
10 10
300
280
LIM HDG AP1 FLC
SPD LNAV VNAV
23500
ATT2
ADC1
20 20
10 10
0.88
6
41000
HDG BANK
GX_02_016
BANK Switch
Used to limit bank
angle.
“eyebrow”
P I LOT T R A I N I N G GU I D E
AUTOMATIC FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM
2-18 For Training Purposes Only
Sept 04
VOR Mode
VOR mode provides for automatic intercept, capture and tracking of a selected VOR
radial. This mode is used to navigate on an airway between two VOR stations. This
mode is NOT to be used to intercept and track a VOR radial for a VOR approach.
Approach mode must be used for that purpose.
If Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) information is not available, the FGC uses
FMS range to the VOR station. If FMS range is not available, the FGC estimates a
distance of 30 NM.
Capture and tracking will occur, provided that:
• The intercept angle is less than 60°. The optimum intercept angle should be less
than 45°. If greater than 45°, course cut limiting may occur to limit steering
commands to 45° which forces flight path to get to radial sooner to prevent
overshooting beam center
• The bank angles required do not exceed the roll limits
FD roll commands are limited to ± 24° when in VOR capture and roll rate commands
are 5.5°/sec. When VOR track is active, FD roll commands are ± 14° and roll rate
commands 4°/sec.
If selected VOR is retuned to another VOR frequency, while in VOR capture, track or
overstation, VOR mode cancels and rearms automatically.
When the airplane is passing over the VOR transmitter (cone of confusion), VOR
mode will fly towards selected course reference (overstation passage). If selected
course is unchanged prior to entry into cone of confusion, previously computed wind
correction is applied and VOR mode will not command a turn towards selected course
pointer. Changes of course pointer setting when overstation will cause a change in
course hold reference.
If DME is available, the cone of confusion entry boundary is estimated based on
distance to transmitter and altitude, or VOR TO/FROM transition. When over the
VOR station, VOR will follow a course change of up to 120°. The cone of confusion
exit boundary is based on altitude, airspeed and time. If DME information is not
available, the cone of confusion boundaries are determined by level of beam noise or
VOR TO/FROM transition. When in VOR overstation, the flight director roll
commands are limited to ± 24° and roll rate commands are 7°/sec. The overstation
sensor (OSS) monitors entry into zone of confusion and removes radio deviation from
the roll command.
For Training Purposes Only
Sept 04
2-19
P I LOT T R A I N I N G GU I D E
AUTOMATIC FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM
As VOR moves from ARMED to ACTIVE, the VOR will flash for approximately 5
seconds, when active.
CONE OF CONFUSION
　
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