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of time, such as 1 minute or 5 minutes.
minimum fuel. The amount of fuel necessary for one-half
hour of operation at the rated maximum-continuous power
setting of the engine, which, for weight and balance purposes,
is 1¦12 gallon per maximum-except-takeoff (METO) horsepower.
It is the maximum amount of fuel that could be used
in weight and balance computations when low fuel might
adversely affect the most critical balance conditions. To
determine the weight of the minimum fuel in pounds, divide
the METO horsepower by 2.
minor alteration. An alteration other than a major alteration.
This includes alterations that are listed in the aircraft, aircraft
engine, or propeller specifications.
moment. A force that causes or tries to cause an object to
rotate.
moment (GAMA). The product of the weight of an item
multiplied by its arm. (Moment divided by a constant is used
to simplify balance calculations by reducing the number of
digits; see reduction factor.)
moment index. The moment (weight times arm) divided by
a reduction factor such as 100 or 1,000 to make the number
smaller and reduce the chance of mathematical errors in
computing the center of gravity.
moment limits vs. weight envelope. An enclosed area on a
graph of three parameters. The diagonal line representing the
moment/100 crosses the horizontal line representing the
weight at the vertical line representing the CG location in
inches aft of the datum. When the lines cross inside the
envelope, the aircraft is loaded within its weight and CG
limits.
net weight. The weight of the aircraft less the weight of any
chocks or other devices used to hold the aircraft on the scales.
normal category. A category of aircraft certificated under
14 CFR, Part 23 and CAR, Part 3 that allows the maximum
weight and CG range while restricting the maneuvers that are
permitted.
PAX. Passengers.
payload (GAMA). Weight of occupants, cargo, and baggage.
Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH). An FAA-approved
document published by the airframe manufacturer that lists
the operating conditions for a particular model of aircraft and
its engines.
potable water. Water carried in an aircraft for the purpose
of drinking.
ramp weight. The zero fuel weight plus all of the usable fuel
on board.
reference datum (GAMA). An imaginary vertical plane
from which all horizontal distances are measured for balance
purposes.
reduction factor. A number, usually 100 or 1,000 by which
a moment is divided to produce a smaller number that is less
likely to cause mathematical errors when computing the
center of gravity.
residual fuel. Fuel that remains in the sumps and fuel lines
when the fuel system is drained from the inlet to the fuel
metering system, with the aircraft in level flight attitude. The
weight of the residual fuel is part of the empty weight of the
aircraft.
service ceiling. The highest altitude at which an aircraft can
maintain a steady rate of climb of 100 feet per minute.
small aircraft (14 CFR, Part 1). An aircraft of 12,500
pounds or less, maximum certificated takeoff weight.
Glossary– 5
standard average passenger weight. This includes 20
pounds of carry-on baggage for adult passengers.
summer (May 1 through October 31)
average (60% M, 40% F) ................180 lbs
male ..................................................195 lbs
female ...............................................155 lbs
winter (November 1 through April 30)
average (60% M, 40% F) ................185 lbs
male ..................................................200 lbs
female ...............................................160 lbs
children between ages 2 and 12 years
summer and winter ............................80 lbs
(Children under 2 are considered “babes in arms” and
their weight has been factored into the weight of the adult
passengers.)
standard empty weight (GAMA). Weight of a standard
airplane including unusable fuel, full operating fluids, and
full oil.
static load. The load imposed on an aircraft structure due to
the weight of the aircraft and its contents.
station (GAMA). A location along the airplane fuselage
usually given in terms of distance from the reference datum.
strain sensor. A device that converts a physical phenomenon
into an electrical signal. Strain sensors in a wheel axle sense
the amount the axle deflects and create an electrical signal
that is proportional to the force that caused the deflection.
takeoff weight. The weight of an aircraft just before brake
release. It is the ramp weight less the weight of the fuel burned
　
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