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-   top surface streamlines
~   bottom surface streamlines
b) RoU-up of trailing vortices
Fig.1.33   Development oftrailing -vortices.
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34                 PERFORMANCE, STABfUTY, DYNAMICS, AND CONTROL
Largc Aircraft
]fig.1.34   Effect ofwake vortices.
are caused by a large aircraft and the aircraft that flies into them is a small aircraft.
This condition can be hazardous if an encounter occurs close to the ground and
the roll rate required to counter the induced roll rate is beyond the capability of
the small aircraft
     A number of accidents have happened at the time of takeoff and landing when
one aircraft enters into the field of tip vortices left behind by another aircraft. To
minimize such mishaps, a safe separation distance or time between a leading and
 a following aircraft is specified by aviation regulatory authorities. This separation
　
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