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major repair (aircraft maintenance). 14 CFR Part 1: “A repair:
(1) That, if improperly done, might appreciably affect the weight, balance, structural strength,
performance, powerplant operation, flight characteristics, or other qualities affecting airworthiness; or
(2) That is not done according to accepted practices or cannot be done by elementary operations.”
make-before-break switch (electrical switch). A type of two-pole switch that, when switching from one
circuit to another, makes contact with the second circuit before it breaks contact with the first.
“Make short approach” (air traffic control). A phrase used by ATC to inform a pilot to alter his traffic
pattern so as to make a short final approach.
male connector (electrical connector). The half of an electrical connector that contains pin-type contacts
that complete circuits by sliding into sockets (female connectors).
malfunction. The improper operation of a component or system.
Malfunction and Defect Report (M & D Report). A small postcard-like form used by repair stations,
maintenance shops, and technicians to report to the FAA a defect or unacceptable condition discovered in
an FAA-certificated component. Information gathered on M & D reports allows the FAA to identify and
track weaknesses in certificated products that could create a safety problem. M & D reports provide the
basis for the General Airworthiness Alerts and subsequent Airworthiness Directives.
malleability. The ability of a material to be stretched or shaped by rolling or hammering it. Malleable
materials do not crack when they are formed in this way.
Gold and lead have a high degree of malleability. Both can be shaped into almost any desired form
by hammering or beating them.
mallet. A type of hammer whose head has the shape of a cylinder. Mallet heads are usually made of a soft
material such as wood, plastic, fiber, leather, or a soft metal, such as brass or lead.
mandatory altitude (air traffic control). An altitude depicted on an Instrument Approach Procedure
Chart requiring the aircraft to maintain altitude at the depicted value.
mandrel (machine tool). A tapered shaft or spindle that fits into a hole. A mandrel is used to support and
center a device or piece of material so it can be machined in a lathe or balanced on a balancing machine.
mandrel (tube bending machine). A long steel rod with a rounded end that is inserted into a piece of
thin-wall metal tubing when it is being bent in a tube-bending machine. The rounded end of the rod is held
at the point the bend is started to keep the tubing from flattening as it is bent.
mandrel (propeller balancing component). A precision steel bar on which a propeller is mounted for
balancing. The mandrel is placed across two perfectly level knife-edge plates and the propeller is allowed
to rotate until it stops with its heavy point at the bottom.
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 372
manganese. A silvery, brittle, metallic chemical element. Manganese’s symbol is Mn, its atomic number is
25, and its atomic weight is 54.938. Manganese is used as an alloy for steel to increase its strength,
hardness, and wear resistance.
manganese dioxide. A chemical compound used as a depolarizer in carbon-zinc batteries. Hydrogen gas
forms in bubbles on the carbon rod when electrons flow to it from the zinc can. If these bubbles are allowed
to remain on the rod, they will insulate it from the electrolyte and shut off the flow of electrons.
Manganese dioxide absorbs the hydrogen gas, allowing the electrolyte to remain in contact with
the carbon rod and keep the electrons flowing.
Manganin. The registered trade name for an alloy of copper, manganese, and nickel. Manganin is used for
wire-wound resistors because its resistance changes very little as its temperature changes.
manifold absolute pressure. See MAP.
manifold (hydraulic system component). The portions of an aircraft hydraulic system to which the
selector valves are connected. Selector valves receive pressurized fluid from the pressure manifold and
route return fluid from the actuators to the return manifold and then to the reservoir.
manifold (reciprocating engine exhaust system component). A chamber connected to the exhaust ports
on the cylinders of an engine. All the cylinders empty their exhaust gases into the manifold from which
they are carried overboard through the muffler and tail pipe.
manifold cross-feed fuel system. A type of fuel system commonly used in large transport-category aircraft.
All fuel tanks feed into a common manifold, and the dump chutes and the single-point fueling valves are
connected to the manifold. Fuel lines to each engine are taken from the manifold.
　
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