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superhigh frequency (radio frequencies). Electromagnetic radiation whose frequency is between 3.0 and
30.0 gigahertz. At this frequency, the wavelengths are between 100 and 10 millimeters.
superrefraction (radar technology). More than normal bending of a radar beam resulting from abnormal
vertical gradients of temperature and/or water vapor.
supersaturated solution. A solution in which a solid is dissolved in a liquid until the liquid will hold no
more. A supersaturated solution of salt and water has some salt crystals in the liquid. The amount of
crystals depends upon the temperature of the solution. As the temperature decreases, more crystals
precipitate out of the solution.
supersede. To replace, or take the place of, something. When a manufacturer issues a revision to an
instruction manual, the revised manual supersedes the original one. If there is a difference in the
instructions in the two manuals, the instructions in the latest (the superseding) manual, are to be followed.
supersonic aerodynamics. The branch of aerodynamics that deals with flight at a speed greater than the
speed of sound.
supersonic flight. Flight at an airspeed in which all air flowing over the aircraft is moving at a speed
greater than the speed of sound.
superstructure. The framework of formers and stringers attached to the main truss of a truss-type aircraft
fuselage. The superstructure gives the fuselage its shape, but it is not a main strength-carrying part of the
fuselage.
supplementary angles. Any two angles whose sum is 180°. An angle of 30° and one of 150° are
supplementary angles; their sum is 180°.
supplement of an angle. One hundred and eighty degrees minus the angle. Thirty degrees is the
supplement of 150°.
suppressor grid (electron tube component). The grid in a pentode vacuum tube used to suppress
secondary emission from the plate of the tube.
surface corrosion. Corrosion that forms on the surface of a piece of metal covered with some form of
electrolyte. Surface corrosion shows up as pits filled with a powdery salt.
surface inversion (meteorology). A temperature inversion with its base at the surface. Surface inversions
are often caused by the air near the surface being cooled by terrestrial radiation, especially at night.
surface roughness (cylinder wall condition). The condition of the surface of a reciprocating engine
cylinder wall that has been honed to make it hold lubricating oil. Surface roughness is measured in
microinches rms (μin rms).
surface tape (aircraft fabric material). Strips of aircraft fabric that are doped over all seams and all
places where the fabric is stitched to the aircraft structure and over wing leading edges where abrasive wear
occurs. The edges of surface tape are pinked, or notched, to keep them from raveling before the dope is
applied.
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
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surface tension. The cohesive force that causes molecules of a liquid to hold themselves together. Surface
tension tries to keep the area of the surface of the liquid as small as possible. It is surface tension that
causes a soap bubble to be shaped like a sphere, since a sphere has the smallest surface area possible for its
volume.
surface visibility (meteorology). Visibility observed from eye-level above the ground.
surfactant (fuel system contaminant). A surface active agent, or partially soluble contaminant which is a
by-product of fuel processing or of fuel additives. Surfactants adhere to other contaminants and cause them
to drop out of the fuel and settle to the bottom of the fuel tank as sludge.
surge. A condition of unstable airflow through the compressor of a gas turbine engine in which the
compressor blades have an excessive angle of attack. Surge normally affects an entire stage of
compression.
surveillance approach (air traffic control). An instrument approach in which the air traffic controller
issues instruction, for pilot compliance, based on the aircraft position relative to the final approach course
(azimuth) and the distance (range) from the end of the runway as displayed on the controller’s radar scope.
The controller will provide recommended altitudes on final approach if requested by the pilot.
swaged fitting (fluid line fitting). A nonreusable fitting installed on a flexible hose by forcing the material
of the fitting into the hose. Swaged fittings are also installed on rigid fluid lines used in high-pressure
hydraulic and pneumatic systems.
swaged terminal (control cable terminal). A terminal pressed onto a steel control cable. A swaged
terminal is made in the form of a cylinder into which the steel cable is slipped. This steel cylinder is then
　
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