2.1 The proposed model
The proposed model for automating non-radar, non-tower arrivals and departures, hereafter referred to as the Automated Airport Control Volume (AACV) model, builds on the existing procedural or target-to-airspace separation archetype described in Section 1.1 and extends its use towards truly distributed air traffic control. During periods of IMC, a block of airspace (an Airport Control Volume, ACV) will be established around the airport and a local automation system will manage access so that only one aircraft will be present in the ACV airspace at a time. The automated system will further limit access to appropriately equipped aircraft that follow specified procedures. Like the existing procedural separation methods on which it is based, the AACV model provides a simple, relatively low-cost and extremely effective way to minimize the opportunity for traffic conflicts in the critical approach and departure phases of flight. Moreover, defining the ACV as extending to the surface can eliminate the small but finite possibility of a conflict between IFR and VFR traffic in uncontrolled airspace. Finally, the operational concept allows for growth by later allowing the participating aircraft within this airspace to provide their own separation services using a combination of procedures and specialized tools, including localized surveillance data.
Our fundamental approach to design of the ACV architecture and associated procedures is to place a minimum number of constraints on participating aircraft necessary for safety. At high-volume terminals, optimizing capacity is a paramount concern and rigid constraints must be imposed on traffic because the actions of a single aircraft can affect dozens of other flights, leading to disruptions and delays. At the low-volume airports suitable for an AACV, not only is optimizing capacity less of a concern, but aircraft can maneuver with relative freedom without interfering with each other. This environment is more akin to airport operations under VFR, where pilots have many degrees of freedom, yet a relatively simple set of priority rules suffices to keep order. We have therefore pursued a hybrid system of rule-based maneuvering, airborne self-separation and ground control in order to ensure a safe and reasonably efficient system.
2.2 System components
The AACV system is comprised of four distinct components we will address separately. They include 1) the Airport Control Volume airspace, 2) protocols governing access to the ACV, 3) the automation system and communications necessary for managing the traffic flow in and out of the ACV, and 4) traffic management procedures in the vicinity of the ACV that provide the transition between AACV operations and the enroute structure.
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