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. Crew individual and cultural differences
. Sector workload (number of block/duty hours programmed) and operational
hassle factors (delays, aircraft AOG, complex and congested airspace
Secondly, FTL schemes can also restrict commercial and safety flexibility as they:

. Limit scope for effective crew utilisation
. Provide limited feedback on safety threats

days off), which exceeds the FTL (CAP 371) limit of 3 consecutive early duties. easyJet presented a safety case based on the principles of six sigma which demonstrated that, compared to the 6/3 roster (3 early duties, 3 late duties, 3 days off) in operation at the time, the 5/2/5/4 roster was associated with a significant reduction in fatigue risk and flight deck errors.
A requirement for the CAA alleviation was that easyJet implement a risk management system to monitor and mitigate fatigue related risk with the implementation of the new roster pattern. This ‘Fatigue Risk Management’ System (FRMS) is as an evidence-based system for the measurement, analysis and mitigation of fatigue-related risk to as low as reasonably practicable (Australian Safety Transport Bureau, Fatigue Expert Group, 2001). A FRMS is a ‘toolset’ of processes that are employed within an existing Safety
S. Stewart, F. Koornneef, R. Akselsson, and C. Turner  - HILAS 2009
Management System (SMS) framework, thereby enabling fatigue risk to be managed much like any other risk. Fatigue risk management is a recent development and initial reviews of its application in the aviation industry in Australia and New Zealand have been generally positive (Signal et al, 2006).

 

1.7 A method for investigating operational fatigue risk inairline rosters
Six-Sigma is a philosophy and methodology that places an emphasis on data-driven, analysis through the use of a diverse collection of tools to identify and address the
safety experts) where new processes are to be implemented (such as rostering rulesets and guidelines). The HFMP is also triggered for application due to the limitations of existing hazard detection tools (such as FTL) and where risk signals have been received from a review of external data sources such as IATA STEADES or ASIAS programs.

S. Stewart, F. Koornneef, R. Akselsson, and C. Turner  - HILAS 2009

1.7.1 5/2/5/4 roster trial
The Six Sigma approach was applied to detect operational risk areas and rostering inefficiencies under current schedule process at easyJet. The aim was to improve the quality of the roster ‘process’ outputs by identifying and removing fatigue related risk factors and where practicable improving crew productivity and lifestyle within a safe rostering framework. An evaluation of the current 6&3 schedule was conducted (6 duty days on followed by 3 days off, after the 3rd duty day the crew transitioned from early morning duties to late evening duties). Post evaluation of this schedule (Stewart & Abboud 2005a) risk reduction activity proposed an amended schedule design (5/2/5/4) roster which was predicted to reduce fatigue by decreasing the number of days worked consecutively and increasing the amount of time off provided for the changeover from early to late duties. The study was managed as a company project tracked by the project board. This study resulted in the design, testing (at two operational bases) and implementation of an alternative pattern at 14 network bases
　
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