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scheme is based on the model of cognition and guides field studies, the development of
questionnaires and interviews, the extraction of expert judgment, and the examination of
accidents/incidents. The overall aim is to estimate data and parameters that are included in the
analyses. The HERMES methodology is derived from four sources. The first is a cognitive
simulation model built on the theories of human error and contextual control of Hollnagel and
Reason. The second is a classification scheme of erroneous behavior. The third source is a model
of the functional response of the plan. The fourth source is a method for structuring the
interaction of the models of cognition and of plants that control the dynamic evolution of events.
Cinq-Demi Methodology and Analysis Grids. (1998). (NASA Aviation Data Sources
Resource Notebook).
This methodology was developed as a tool to analyze the error factors and operational system
faults that underlie a group of incidents or accidents. Three types of events are identified that can
influence the status of an aircraft. This status floats between the Authorized Flight Envelope
where the probability of an accident is low (10-7) to a Peripheral Flight Envelope where the
probability of an accident is higher (10-3). The three events are maneuverability, sensitivity to
disturbances, and pilotability. Maneuverability refers to maneuvers that are either imposed by the
mission or are required to accommodate environmental events. Sensitivity to disturbances
addresses internal and external events that influence aircraft status and movement. Pilotability
deals with pilots’ performance of elementary operations and tasks, and the conditions leading to
error. Five factors are proposed that are conditions leading to error. These include high
workload, lack of information, misrepresentation (mental) due to the wrong use of information
and cues, misrepresentation (mental) due to ‘diabolic error’, and physical clumsiness. The
accidents and incidents are divided into key sub-events. These sub-events are then analyzed by
five grids. The first three grids represent events that can change the Status Point of the aircraft.
The fourth identifies the human environment at the time. The fifth is a matrix of operational
system faults and elementary operations.
(1) GAME (grid of aircraft maneuvers events)
(2) GASP (grid of aircraft sensitivity to perturbations
(3) GOOF (grid of operator failures)
(4) GARE (grid of amplifiers of risk of errors)
(5) RAFT (rapid analysis fault table)
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Cojazzi, G., & Cacciabue, P. C. (1992). The DYLAM approach for the reliability analysis
of dynamic systems. In T. Aldemir, N. O. Siu, A. Mosleh, P. C. Cacciabue, & B. G. Göktepe
(Eds.), Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Reliability and Safety
Assessment of Dynamic Process Systems (pp. 8-23). Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg.
A review of the third generation DYLAM approach to reliability analysis is performed. DYLAM
is a powerful tool for integrating deterministic and failure events and it is based on the systematic
simulation of the physical process under study. The DYLAM framework takes into account
different types of probabilistic behaviours such as constant probabilities for initial events and
component states, stochastic transitions between the states of the component, functional
dependent transitions for failure on demand and physical dependencies, stochastic and functional
dependent transitions, conditional probabilities for dependencies between states of different
components, and stochastic transitions with variable transition rates. The DYLAM method is
defined as a type of fault-tree/event-tree method.
Cooper, S. E., Ramey-Smith, A. M., Wreathall, J., Parry, G. W., Bley, D. C., Luckas, W. J.,
Taylor, J. H., & Barriere, M. T. (1996). A technique for human error analysis (ATHEANA)
(NUREG/CR-6350). Brookhaven National Laboratory.
ATHEANA has been designed to address deficiencies in current human reliability analysis
(HRA) approaches. These deficiencies to be corrected include addressing errors of commission
and dependencies, representing more realistically the human-system interactions that have
played important roles in accident response, and integrating recent advances in psychology with
engineering, human factors, and probability risk analysis disciplines. ATHEANA is a
multidisciplinary HRA framework that has been designed to fuse behavioral science,
engineering, and human factors together. The framework elements are error forcing contexts,
performance shaping factors, plant conditions, human error, error mechanisms, unsafe actions,
probability risk assessment models, human failure events, and scenario definitions. The
　
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