15.3.4
High intensity flashing white lights are also employed to identify tall structures, such as chimneys and towers, and obstructions to air navigation. The lights provide a 360 degree coverage about the structure at 40 flashes per minute and consist of from one to seven levels of lights depending upon the height of the structure. Where more than one level is used, the vertical banks flash simultaneously.
16.
Airport Lead.in Lighting System (LDIN)
16.1 The lead.in lighting system consists of a series of flashing lights installed at or near ground level to describe the desired course to a runway or final approach. Each group of lights is positioned and aimed so as to be conveniently sighted and followed from the approaching aircraft under conditions at or above approach minimums under consideration. The system may be curved, straight, or combination thereof, as required. The lead.in lighting system may be terminated at any approved approach lighting system, or it may be terminated at a distance from the landing threshold which is compatible with autho-rized visibility minimums permitting visual reference to the runway environment.
16.2 The outer portion uses groups of lights to mark segments of the approach path beginning at a point within easy visual range of a final approach fix. These groups are spaced close enough together (approxi-mately one mile) to give continuous lead.in guidance. A group consists of at least three flashing lights in a linear or cluster configuration and may be augmented by steady burning lights where required. When practicable, groups flash in sequence toward runways. Each system is designed to suit local conditions and to provide the visual guidance intended. The design of all LDIN is compatible with the requirements of U.S. Standards for Terminal Instrument Procedures (TERPS) where such proce-dures are applied for establishing instrument minimums.
17. Airport Marking Aids and Signs
17.1 General
17.1.1 Airport pavement markings and signs provide information that is useful to a pilot during takeoff, landing, and taxiing.
17.1.2 Uniformity in airport markings and signs from one airport to another enhances safety and improves efficiency. Pilots are encouraged to work with the operators of the airports they use to achieve the marking and sign standards described in this section.
17.1.3 Pilots who encounter ineffective, incorrect, or confusing markings or signs on an airport should make the operator of the airport aware of the problem. These situations may also be reported under the Aviation Safety Reporting Program as described in ENR 1.16. Pilots may also report these situations to the FAA Regional Airports Division.
17.1.4 The markings and signs described in this section reflect the current FAA recommended standards.
REFERENCE.
AC 150/5340.1, Standards for Airport Markings.
AC 150/5340.18, Standards for Airport Sign Systems.
17.2 Airport Pavement Markings
17.2.1 General. For the purpose of this presenta-tion the Airport Pavement Markings have been grouped into the four areas:
17.2.1.1 Runway Markings.
17.2.1.2 Taxiway Markings.
17.2.1.3 Holding Position Markings.
17.2.1.4 Other Markings.
17.2.2 Marking Colors. Markings for runways are white. Markings defining the landing area on a heliport are also white except for hospital heliports which use a red “H” on a white cross. Markings for taxiways, areas not intended for use by aircraft (closed and hazardous areas), and holding positions (even if they are on a runway) are yellow.
Federal Aviation Administration Twentieth Edition
17.3 Runway Markings
17.3.1 General. There are three types of markings for runways: visual, non precision instrument, and precision instrument. TBL AD 1.1.5 identifies the marking elements for each type of runway, and TBL AD 1.1.6 identifies runway threshold markings.
17.3.2 Runway Designators. Runway numbers and letters are determined from the approach direction. The runway number is the whole number nearest one.tenth the magnetic azimuth of the centerline of the runway, measured clockwise from the magnetic north. The letters differentiate between left (L), right (R), or center (C), parallel runways, as applicable:
17.3.2.1 For two parallel runways “L” “R.”
17.3.2.2 For three parallel runways “L” “C” “R.”
17.3.3 Runway Centerline Marking. The runway centerline identifies the center of the runway and provides alignment guidance during takeoff and landing. The centerline consists of a line of uniformly spaced stripes and gaps.
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