D. Emergencies. Your instructor will show you the techniques to employ should an emergency occur at low level. Be aware of the .avoid. areas of the Height Velocity chart.
Usually low-level flying is not practised solo. All flying organizations have rules that must be adhered to with regard to height and suitability of local training areas.
EXERCISE 23 - SLOPING GROUND
Helicopters are often called upon to land on unprepared, sloping terrain; indeed it is sometimes very difficult to determine the existence of a slope until the moment of landing. Therefore, as a helicopter pilot, you must be capable of landing your aircraft on terrain that is sloping or has a doubtful surface. The techniques you will learn in this lesson are also suitable for use when faced with a landing on muskeg, packed snow, or any uncertain surface.
Prior to commencing your landing, ensure that you have made a good reconnaissance of the area for obstacles that could pose a hazard to the tail rotor as you manoeuvre, or that could snag the skids and cause a rollover accident. You must also carefully consider the wind velocity, as this may be a limiting factor in the conduct of the manoeuvre. For example, it might be very difficult or sometime dangerous to carry out slope landings with the tail pointing into wind because of control difficulties. Prior to commencing this exercise, you must also review the helicopter flight manual limitations section, as most light helicopters have maximum allowable slope landing limits published. However, lateral slope of 5 or 6 degrees is considered acceptable for most of helicopters.
Sloping ground operations can be divided into four phases as follows:
1. Reconnaissance
2. Manoeuvring
3. Landing
4. Takeoff
RECONNAISSANCE
During any landing or takeoff, the pilot makes a reconnaissance of the area. Should the chosen area likely have a soft or slippery surface, or if obstacles exist, then extra care must be taken to ensure that landings and takeoffs can be conducted safely. This is also the case with sloping ground.
Remember that the helicopter hangs one skid low in a steady hover. You can use this information to determine which skid to place uphill, as it will be easier to land on the slope in this manner. Your ability to conduct cross-slope landings will also be determined by cyclic limitations; there may be insufficient cyclic travel available to you to land the helicopter.
Figure 23-1: Landing-Uneven Terrain
It is desirable to land into the wind whenever possible, but there will be times when you have to compromise on the wind direction. Similarly, you may have to compromise on the slope of the ground to carry out the landing. It is very important to make a thorough reconnaissance of the selected area before you attempt the landing.
MANOEUVRING
During sloping ground operations, the tail rotor is extremely vulnerable. You must remember that the tail rotor is some distance behind you, and care must be exercised when manoeuvring to ensure that you do not strike the tail rotor on any obstacles, or the slope itself. This is especially so when performing hovering turns and when landing either upslope or downslope. When you are required to turn in close proximity to the slope, always turn the tail away from the slope. Using this procedure will lessen the chance of a tail rotor strike.
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