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5.8 Consultations with users regarding charges are addressed in the ICAO’s Policies on Charges for Airports and Air Navigation Services (Doc 9082/7) in paragraph 31 (airports), and paragraph 49 (air navigation services). It is recommended there that when a revision of charges or the imposition of new charges is contemplated, appropriate notice should normally be given to users or their representative bodies at least four months in advance and they be given the opportunity to submit their views and enter into consultation; and that such users also be provided with reasonable advance notice of the final decision on any revision of charges or imposition of new charges. The purpose is to ensure that the providers give sufficient information to users relating to the proposed change and give proper consideration to the views of users and the effects the charges will have on them. The aim should be that, wherever possible, changes should be made in agreement between users and providers.
5.9 Closely related to consultation concerning charges is the Council recommendation in Doc 9082/7 (paragraphs 32 and 50) addressing the desirability of users of airports and/or air navigation services or their representative organizations being consulted, when new airports or major airport developments and/or new or expanded air navigation services projects are being planned, before the finalization of plans for projects. The purpose of such consultation is to ensure that, wherever possible, the developments concerned meet the needs of users and that users are aware of the financial implications in terms of the charges that would be paid by them.
5.10 Partly because of access restrictions to airports or for other reasons, including increased security measures and congestion of commercial air transport, business aviation has, over the recent past years, undergone a profound mutation.  Once reserved to a narrow clientele of the wealthy industry tycoons or multinational companies, it is steadily evolving as a business tool for smaller size companies and is at the disposal of middle managers. It is widely recognized that the cost is more than offset by the time saved and the increased efficiency that tailor-made aviation can bring.  It has been observed that the users of private jets are more often intermediary executives than in the past and that demand for private long-haul flights has been expanding steadily.
5.11 Based on this evolution of the market some companies and airlines have been offering new commercial air service products, such as:
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transatlantic flights at a fixed price between a European city and a city on the US West coast, with aircraft jets that can accommodate 10 to 18 passengers;

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similar products to co-owners of shared business aviation, with tariffs varying with distance;

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scheduled services on large size business jets offering 48 business class seats (three routes are presently operated between Germany and the United States);

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in order to replace defunct supersonic services, projects are under consideration with smaller (subsonic) jets offering 4 to 5 daily transatlantic flights;

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intra-European connections on business aircraft to long-haul passengers from Munich airport.

6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 There is indeed some concern for international general and business aviation’s continuing operations at many airports around the world, because of a series of factors that have been examined in this study. 
6.2 Capacity constraints at many airports, noise restrictions, including night curfews which reduce the operational hours at airports, peak charges, and privatization and commercialization of airports are all contributing barriers to maintaining, let alone expanding international general and business aviation access to many airports serving major cities.  Even the smaller reliever airports usually used by international general and business aviation are attracting more and more airlines, especially new start-up low cost airlines due to their relatively low charges.  There is also sometimes the risk that some of these airports may disappear especially those which are close to cities either for environmental reasons or for the high value that the land could have for commercial or housing projects.
　
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