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4.5 Measures taken to deal with airport capacity shortage
4.5.1 The first response to congestion is to increase capacity to meet the growing demand through constructing new airports or adding new runways to the existing ones. Although the provision of additional capacity is the preferred solution, often it is not always possible to achieve, as such projects involve huge investments and are usually complex and may face environmental, economic and political concerns. 
4.5.2 Given the continuing traffic growth, economic and other methods for capacity management have been introduced at many airports, particularly in Europe and North America, which include, inter alia, the following:
a) Peak Charges
4.5.2.1 At some airports peak charges consisting of higher landing, passenger and aircraft parking charges are levied. Such charges are designed to stimulate a more efficient use of the peak period capacity by encouraging its use by those who value it most. It is therefore a method for prioritizing the use of scarce capacity among competing users. As illustrated in Table 1, relatively few airports around the world have introduced peak/off-peak charging schemes. However, with the increase in traffic and shortage in airport capacity other airports may also be tempted to introduce such charges not only to regulate traffic but also as an additional source of revenue, a situation which would have adverse effects on business and international general aviation.
Table 1 ─ Peak and high minimum charges
State  City/Airport  Peak  High minimu m  Description of Measures 
Austria  Vienna  x  30% surcharge of the landing charges applies to general aviation aircraft at certain hours, also higher parking charges for aircraft up to 15 tonnes. 
Bulgaria  Major international  x  10% surcharge for landing or take-off in peak periods, days or hours. 
Canada  Toronto/Lester B. Pearson  x  High landing charge during peak hours for aircraft up to 19 tonnes 

State  City/Airport  Peak  High minimu m  Description of Measures 
China  Beijing/Capital, -Shanghai/Pudong and Hongqiao Guangzhou/ Baiyun  x  USD 100 surcharge to the landing charges per movement in peak hours. 
Dominican Republic  Major international  x  At certain hours 
Finland  Helsinki-Vantaa  x  For landing during peak hours 
Greece  Major international airports  x  25% surcharge for landing during peak hours in summer 
Germany  Frankfurt  x  For aircraft 6 to 35 tonnes 
Haiti  Port-au-Prince  x  50% surcharge for landing during peak hours 
India  Mumbai and Delhi  x  5% peak surcharge on international landing  
Iran  Major international  x  High minimum charge per landing 
Ireland  Dublin, Cork and Shannon  x  Off-peak landing charges less than the regular charges 
Israel  Tel Aviv/Ben Gurion  x  Peak hour surcharge per passenger to be added to the Passenger Handling Charge 
Japan  Tokyo Haneda and Narita  x  High minimum charge per flight per landing 
Mexico  Major international  x  Higher charges for landing, parking, security and for the use of buses and air bridges at certain hours of the day 
Republic of Korea  Incheon  x 
Singapore  Singapore/Changi  x  40% off-peak discount to flights arriving and departing at certain hours of the same day provided that the aircraft used meets the noise standards of ICAO Annex 16 Chapter 3 
Spain  Madrid-Barajas and Malaga  x  High boarding bridge charges applies at peak hours 

State  City/Airport  Peak  High minimu m  Description of Measures 
　
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