(i)
The heat exchanger temperature exceeds safe limits.

(ii)
The ventilating air temperature exceeds safe limits.

(iii) The combustion air.ow becomes inadequate for safe operation.
(iv) The ventilating air.ow becomes inadequate for safe operation.

(2)
The means ofcomplying withparagraph(g)(1) ofthis sectionfor anyindividual heater must–

(i)
Be independent of components serving any other heater, the heat output of which is essential for safe operation; and

(ii)
Keep the heater o. until restarted by the crew.

(3) There must be means to warn the crew when any heater, the heat output of whichis essentialfor safe operation,hasbeen shut o.by the automatic means prescribedinparagraph(g)(1) of this section.

(h)
Air intakes. Each combustion and ventilating air intake must be located so that no .ammable .uids or vapors can enter the heater system–

(1)
During normal operation; or

(2)
As a result of the malfunction of any other component.

(i)
Heater exhaust. Each heater exhaust system must meet the requirements of Secs. 27.1121 and 27.1123.

(1)
Each exhaust shroud must be sealed so that no .ammable .uids or hazardous quantities of vapors can reach the exhaust systemthroughjoints.

(2)
No exhaust system may restrict the prompt relief of any back.re that, if so restricted, could cause heater failure.

(j)
Heater fuel systems. Each heater fuel system must meet the powerplant fuel system requirements a.ecting safe heater operation. Each heater fuel system component in the ventilating airstream must be protected by shrouds so that no leakage from those components can enter the ventilating airstream.

(k)
Drains. There must be means for safe drainage of any fuel that might accumulate in the combustion chamber or the heat exchanger.

(1)
Each part of any drain that operates at high temperatures must be protected in the same manner as heater exhausts.

(2)
Each drain must be protected against hazardous ice accumulation under any operating condition.]

Amdt. 27-23, E.. 10/3/88
FAR 27.861 : Fire protection of structure, controls, and other parts
[Each part of the structure, controls, rotor mechanism, and other parts essential to a controlled landing that would be a.ected by powerplant .res must be .reproof or protected so they can perform their essential functions for at least 5 minutes under any foreseeablepowerplant .re conditions.] Amdt. 27-26, E.. 4/5/90
FAR27.863:[Flammable .uid .reprotection.]
(a)
[In each area where .ammable .uids or vapors might escape by leakage of a .uid system, there must be means to minimize the probability of ignition of the .uids and vapors, and the resultant hazards if ignition does occur.

(b)
Compliance withparagraph(a) ofthis section mustbe shownby analysis ortests, and the following factors must be considered :

(1)
Possible sources and paths of .uid leakage, and means of detecting leakage.

(2)
Flammability characteristics of .uids, including e.ects of any combustible or absorbing materials.

(3)
Possible ignition sources, including electrical faults, overheating of equipment, and malfunctioning of protective devices.

′
Elodie Roux. Septembre 2003
Subpart D : Design and Construction
(4)
Meansavailableforcontrolling orextinguishing a .re,such asstopping .owof .uids,shuttingdownequipment, .reproof containment,oruseof extinguishing agents.

(5)
Abilityof rotorcraft componentsthat arecriticaltosafety of.ighttowithstand .re and heat.

(c)
If action by the .ight crew is required to prevent or counteract a .uid .re (e.g. equipment shutdown or actuation of a .re extinguisher) quick acting means must be provided to alert the crew.
　
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