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moving to a lower level
When flying in
turbulent air conditions, an aircraft is
subjected to upward and downward
gust loads.
downwards downwards /daυnwədz/ adverb to
a lower level, towards the bottom
Pull
the toggles downwards to inflate the life
jacket. Opposite upwards (NOTE: In US
English, downward is used as an
adverb and as an adjective.)
downwind downwind /daυn|wnd/ adjective,
adverb in the same direction as the wind
is blowing  turn downwind turn the
aircraft so that it is flying in the same
direction as the wind is blowing. Opposite
upwind
downwind leg downwind leg /daυnwnd le$/
noun part of the airfield traffic circuit
which runs parallel to, but in the opposite
direction to, the approach to land
which is made into wind
DRDR abbreviation dead reckoning
draft draft /drɑft/ noun US same as
draught
a down draft or an updraft
drag drag /dr$/ noun the resistance of the
air created by moving the aircraft
through the air
To reduce the effect of
drag on an aircraft by the fixed undercarriage
a retractable type was introduced.

If an engine failure occurs, the
windmilling propeller may cause considerable
drag.
COMMENT: There are two basic types
of drag called parasite drag and
induced drag. Parasite drag is caused
by friction between the air and the
aircraft surface, aerials, landing gear,
etc. Induced drag is produced by lift.
drain drain /dren/ noun a device to allow
fluid to escape from its container

When the cabin is pressurised the
drains close, preventing loss of pressure.
 verb to allow fluid to escape by
providing a hole or tube, etc., through
which it can pass
The moisture drains
in the lower skin of the cabin are open
when the cabin is unpressurised, allowing
moisture to drain.
drainage /drend"/ noun 1. the act
of allowing a fluid to escape from its
container
Drainage of water from the
fuel system should be carried out before
the first flight of the day. 2. a system of
outlets for fluid such as water or fuel to
pass out of a closed area
draught draught /drɑft/ noun a local current
of air
a down draught or an updraught
(NOTE: This word is written draft in US
English.)
draw draw /drɔ/ verb 1. to make a picture as
with a pencil, on paper, etc.
Because
there is a temperature gradient across
each front it is possible to draw isotherms
which reduce in value from
warm to cold air. 2. to pull or to take

Fluid is drawn into the pump body. 3. to
pull towards oneself (NOTE: drawing –
drew – drawn)
drift drift /drft/ noun movement away
from the desired course, created by
wind blowing at an angle to the
intended direction of flight
If the wind
direction is not the same as the aircraft
track or its reciprocal, then the aircraft
will experience drift.  verb to move
away from the desired course
When
landing, a cross-wind from the right
will cause the aircraft to drift to the left.
drill drill /drl/ noun 1. a short series of
actions carried out in a particular
sequence
The starting drill varies
between different aircraft types and a
starting check procedure is normally
used. 2. a tool, often electrically powered,
for making holes in metal, wood,
etc.
drive /drav/ noun a series of connected
devices that transmit power to
the wheels, propellers, etc.
Rotation
of the engine for starting is done by an
electric starter motor connected to a
drive shaft in the accessories gearbox. 
verb 1. to make something move or turn
 shaft-driven using a rotating shaft as
a means of transmitting power from one
part to another, e.g. from a turbine
engine to a helicopter rotor 2. to control
driven 78
and guide
He’s learning to drive.
(NOTE: driving – drove – driven)
driven driven /drv(ə)n/  drive
drizzle drizzle /drz(ə)l/ noun precipitation,
often persistent, in the form of very
small drops of water
Drizzle is the
lightest form of precipitation consisting
of fine water droplets.
COMMENT: In weather reports and
forecasts, drizzle is abbreviated to DZ.
drogue parachute drogue parachute /drəυ$
prəʃut/ noun a small parachute used
in releasing a larger parachute from its
pack
drone drone /drəυn/ noun an aircraft whose
flight is controlled from the ground
　
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