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Clearing Procedures ...............................................13-18
Runway Incursion Avoidance ................................13-18
Chapter Summary ......................................................13-18
Chapter 14
Airspace .............................................................14-1
Introduction ..................................................................14-1
Controlled Airspace .....................................................14-2
Class A Airspace ......................................................14-2
Class B Airspace ......................................................14-2
Class C Airspace ......................................................14-2
Class D Airspace ......................................................14-2
Class E Airspace .......................................................14-2
Uncontrolled Airspace .................................................14-3
Class G Airspace ......................................................14-3
Special Use Airspace ...................................................14-3
Prohibited Areas .......................................................14-3
Restricted Areas .......................................................14-3
Warning Areas ..........................................................14-4
Military Operation Areas (MOAs) ...........................14-4
Alert Areas ...............................................................14-4
Controlled Firing Areas (CFAs) ...............................14-4
Other Airspace Areas ...................................................14-4
Local Airport Advisory (LAA) ................................14-4
Military Training Routes (MTRs) ............................14-6
Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR) ......................14-6
Published VFR Routes .............................................14-6
Terminal Radar Service Areas (TRSAs) ..................14-6
National Security Areas (NSAs) ..............................14-6
Air Traffic Control and the National Airspace System 14-7
Coordinating the Use of Airspace ............................14-7
Operating in the Various Types of Airspace ............14-7
Basic VFR Weather Minimums ............................14-7
Operating Rules and Pilot/Equipment
Requirements ........................................................14-7
Ultralight Vehicles ..............................................14-10
Unmanned Free Balloons ...................................14-10
Parachute Jumps .................................................14-10
Chapter Summary ......................................................14-10
Chapter 15
Navigation ..........................................................15-1
Introduction ..................................................................15-1
Aeronautical Charts .....................................................15-2
Sectional Charts ........................................................15-2
VFR Terminal Area Charts ......................................15-2
World Aeronautical Charts .......................................15-2
Lattitude and Longitude (Meridians and Parallels) .....15-3
Time Zones ...............................................................15-3
Measurement of Direction ........................................15-5
Variation ...................................................................15-6
Deviation ..................................................................15-8
Effect of Wind ..............................................................15-9
Basic Calculations ......................................................15-11
Converting Minutes to Equivalent Hours ...............15-11
xiv
Time T = D/GS ...................................................15-11
Distance D = GS X T ..........................................15-11
GS GS = D/T ......................................................15-11
Converting Knots to Miles Per Hour ......................15-11
Fuel Consumption ..................................................15-12
Flight Computers ....................................................15-12
Plotter .....................................................................15-12
Pilotage ......................................................................15-12
Dead Reckoning .........................................................15-12
The Wind Triangle or Vector Analysis ..................15-12
Flight Planning ...........................................................15-16
Assembling Necessary Material .............................15-16
Weather Check .......................................................15-17
Use of Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD) ..............15-17
　
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