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large aircraft’s flight path.
4. Land well short of a large departing aircraft’s rotation point.
5. If a large aircraft is departing a crossing runway, note the rotation point of the large craft.
· If rotation is past the intersection, continue to land as you would normally.
· If it rotates before the intersection, avoid flight below the aircraft’s flight path. Execute a missed
approach unless you are sure you can stop well before the intersection.
6. If departing behind a departing large aircraft, note the rotation point of the departing aircraft. Become
airborne before the rotation point, and stay higher and upwind of the larger aircraft’s flight path. If
unable, request the control tower for a change in flight direction away from the path of the larger aircraft.
7. If you takeoff at an intersection, be cautious that your departure path will not cross under the path of a
larger aircraft.
8. You should ensure an interval of at least 2 minutes before takeoff or landing across or behind the path
of a large aircraft that has executed a low pass, touch-and-go, or a missed approach.
9. Avoid flight below the path of a larger aircraft when enroute at altitude. Try to stay above or upwind
of larger aircraft near your altitude.
See the Aeronautical Information Manual Wake Turbulence for further information.
Other Airport Operations Data
AIM Chapters Aeronautical Information Manual by Chapter.
Back to Home Back to Table of Conents Methods of Navigation
Airport Info
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Navigation
Navigation
Navigation is the procedure by which the pilot flies from one point to another. A single method of navigation is
rarely used by the pilot operating under Visual Flight Rules (VFR). There are several methods of navigation in
use today by the VFR pilot.
Methods of Navigation
The principal methods of navigation used today by light aircraft are:
l   Dead Reckoning
l   Pilotage
l   VOR
l   ADF
l   LORAN
l   GPS
Dead Reckoning
This is the primary navigational method used in the early days of flying before adequate aeronautical charts and
electronic navigation were available. It is the method on which Lindberg relied during his first trans-Atlantic
flight. It is based on Time, Distance, and Direction only. The pilot must know the distance from one point to the
next, the magnetic heading to be flown, and have some idea of the effects of the winds expected to be
encountered during the flight. It is the most fundamental aspect of VFR flight.
Even in todays environment, the pilot should prepare a basic planning log of check points along the route of
flight. This planning log should include such data as True Course (TC), Distance, anticipated wind drift (or wind
correction angle), estimated ground speed and magnetic heading by which to steer. This data should be measured,
or in some cases estimated, for each leg of the flight. The purpose for this log is to allow the pilot to estimate the
time and heading for each leg, and to make minor corrections to the plan for the next leg based on the experience
of the previous leg.
A sample flight planning log will be demonstrated later in this section.
Pilotage
Pilotage is the art of following an aeronautical chart to fly from one point to another. True pilotage may not
always follow straight lines for long distances, but rather may follow terrain features such as rivers, coastlines,
mountain ridges, roads, railroads, etc. The pilot is relying on the recognition of major features shown on the chart,
and correlating them to what is seen below..
The pilot may keep a primitave log of checkpoints, or may even write the time directly on the chart as prominant
features are passed over.
During training, instructors will usually train student pilots to navigate over a course of 50 to 100 miles, using a
combination of dead reckoning and pilotage. This type training is important for later use, since electrical and
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electronic navigation equipment may occasionally malfunction. The experienced pilot should be able to fly
relatively long distances using a combination of these two basic methods.
Even when using electronic means of navigation, it is a good procedure to also utilize dead reckoning and
pilotage procedures in addition to the electronic instruments.
VOR Navigation
The principal electronic navigational system in use today is the VHF Omni-Range (VOR). This navigational
method relies on a system of ground-based transmitters which emit signals that a VOR receiver can interpret. The
　
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