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of maneuver, salinity of the water, and the relative
density of the salt spray, all have a bearing on performance
deterioration. Intermittent operation in moderate
salt spray conditions could expose the engines to
enough salt spray to cause noticeable performance deterioration.
During prolonged operations (such as low
hovering) in heavier spray conditions, power deterioration
will be apparent and is more critical. Maneuvers such
as hovering close to the water in light winds, or low flights
at low speeds will generate maximum rotor downwash
spray conditions. Careful operation, following the procedures
and limitations contained herein, in strict adherence
to the prescribed maintenance procedures when
TM 1-1520-240-10
8-4-5/(8-4-6 blank)
operating in these conditions, should result in the preservation
of rated engine power.
8-4-41. Hovering.
Hovering over salt water at altitudes that cause concentrated
spray into the engine inlets results in gradual power
deterioration and eventual reduction of compressor
stall margin. Operation in these conditions should be
avoided or minimized. The following procedures are
grouped according to wind conditions. Maximum hovering
altitude, consistent with safety and mission accomplishment,
is recommended to reduce possibility of salt
spray ingestion. Prolonged hovering over salt water
which results in spray ingestion, indicated by spray on
the windshield, must be avoided. The amount of spray
observed on the windshield is usually the best indication
of spray ingestion into the engine outlets.
a. No wind. Hovering in a no wind condition normally
results in a relatively low spray concentration at all hovering
altitudes.
b. Light winds (approximately 5 to 16 knots). Hovering
in these conditions results in the heaviest or most
critical spray concentrations. Spray can be minimized by
heading changes with reference to wind direction and
ascertaining minimum spray concentration on windshield.
c. Moderate to heavy winds (15 knots and
above). Higher winds normally result in the lowest of
spray concentration at all hovering altitudes. In these
conditions, hovering can be accomplished into the wind.
8-4-42. After Flight.
Refer to Appendix C.

TM 1-1520-240-10
9-1-1
CHAPTER 9
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
SECTION I. HELICOPTER SYSTEMS
9-1-1. Helicopter Systems.
This section describes helicopter systems emergencies
which ,may reasonably be expected to occur and presents
the procedures to be followed. Emergency operation
of mission equipment is contained in this chapter,
insofar as its use affect safety of flight. Emergency procedures
are given in checklist form when applicable. A
condensed version of these procedures is included in TM
55-1520–240-10-CL. Refer to figure 9-1-1 and 9-1-2 for
emergency equipment, exits, and entrance.
9-1-2. Immediate Action Emergency Checks.
NOTE
The urgency of certain emergencies requires
immediate and instinctive action by the pilot.
The most important single consideration is
helicopter control. All other procedures are
subordinate to this requirement. The MASTER
CAUTION should be reset after each
malfunction to allow systems to respond to
subsequent malfunctions. When appropriate,
a check of the affected PDP for open circuit
breakers should be accomplished, in some
cases this may minimize or eliminate the emergency.
An example of this would be an apparent
failure of an instrument, whereas resetting
the circuit breaker restores operation.
If time permits during a critical emergency,
jettison external loads, and lock shoulder harnesses.
Those steps that must be performed immediately in an
emergency procedure are underlined. These steps
must be performed without reference to the checklist
(CL). When the situation permits, non–underlined steps
will be accomplished with the use of the CL.
9-1-3. Definition of Emergency Terms.
For the purpose of standardization, the following
definitions shall apply:
a. The term LAND AS SOON AS POSSIBLE is
defined as executing a landing to the nearest suitable
landing area. (e.g., open field) without delay. ( the
primary consideration is to assure the survival of
occupants.)
b. The term LAND AS SOON AS PRACTICABLE is
defined as executing a landing at the nearest suitable
airfield/heliport.
c. The term AUTOROTATE is defined as adjusting
the flight controls as necessary to establish an autorotational
descent and landing.
1. Thrust control — Adjust as required to
maintain RRP
　
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