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in air traffic, and in particular the growing
number of regional aircraft which are more
sensitive to icing – due to lower operating
altitudes and lower cruise speeds – there is
renewed interest in solving this problem.
IMPROVED SAFETY
IN AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS
A
To understand the scope of the problem,
a review was made of world-wide icingrelated
accidents and incidents from
1980 to 1995.These were fed into
a database now accessible via
the Internet.To complement this,
a database was developed on existing
icing atmosphere data.
A flight test campaign with twin-engine
turboprop aircraft investigated
the Supercooled Large Droplet (SLD)
conditions that trigger ice formation
on airframe and wing.The existing
regulations for design and certification
of fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters
were reviewed with respect to
operation in icing conditions.
In addition, feedback was sought from
manufacturers of turboprop aircraft and
rotorcraft on their experience with
current icing standards, backed by
interviews with operators about specific
ice problems and crew training aspects.
Several updates and extensions were
proposed to the existing regulation to
cover SLD conditions, and instruments
were specified to measure these
conditions and the characterisation of
atmospheric phenomena.
Tackling in-flight icing hazards11
© Eureka Slide, Crunelle
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12 13
Test experience with currently used
child restraint devices (CRD) in aircraft
have been summarised in a research
project and related to travel and
accident statistics. Relevant aviation
regulations have been discussed, and
opinions on current practice have been
sought from aviation authorities,
operating airlines, cabin crews and
consumer groups.
The outcome has been aggregated in a
Technical Reference Document covering
bio-mechanical parameters that have to
be considered when applying and using
child restraint systems. Issues have been
the definition of child groups, relevant
test criteria applied to standard aircraft
seats, specification of test dummies,
categorisation of CRD tests, definition of
test equipment, definition of standard
adult seats, performance criteria to be
adopted, and general concepts for the
protection of children.
This initiative led to a European
specification for CRDs as a baseline
for integrating the theme into
certification and operational regulations
by the Joint Aviation Authorities.
The main parameters underlying these
specifications are:

the safe restraint of children to
the standard of other passengers;

the minimisation of additional costs
to aviation industry;

compatibility with European
automobile restraint standards;

harmonisation with the upcoming US
standard;

flexibility in CRD design;

the inclusion of different flight phases
(take-off and landing, cruise flight);
and

the need to use CRDs only for
passengers of less than 18 kg weight.
Improved safety for children in aircraft cabins 12
Child safety
Under current aviation regulations, the travel
of infants and smaller children is not well
covered in terms of safety, reflecting a lack of
suitable restraint systems. Improvements in
child safety are anticipated to be viable,once
the required specifications for technical
equipment and operational procedures have
been defined and implemented.
© Eureka Slide,M. Bingen
ir traffic has grown at an average
rate of 5% over the last 15 years,
increasing the pressure on all
aspects of Air Traffic Control (ATC).
Capacity limitations at airports are a major
bottleneck, with several main hubs and
medium or small sized airports facing
constraints on expansion and environmental
concerns.While there is little chance
to significantly enlarge existing airport
infrastructures, the increasing number of
aircraft movements (i.e. take-offs, landings
and related taxiing) needs to be handled
by using runways, taxiways and aprons
more efficiently.
Increasing tarmac capacity
The planned Advanced Surface Movement
Guidance and Control System (A-SMGCS) is
intended to support the safe and efficient
movement of aircraft and vehicles on
an airport under all circumstances with
respect to traffic density, visibility conditions
and complexity of the airport layout.
Simulations have shown that the expected
improvement in traffic handling can be
　
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