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schemes so far.
A comprehensive analysis of flight deck
design philosophies employed by
various aircraft manufacturers, focusing
on automated flying functions such as
steering,navigation, system management,
communication and lookout has been
complemented by an accident and
incident review, identifying factors
related to automated cockpits and poor
transition training of crews.
Investigations revealed that seven
different skill groups could be identified
relating to three principal types
of individual behaviour, i.e. knowledgebased,
rule-based and skill-based
behaviour. An assessment of current
training and transition activities at
British Airways, Lufthansa and Airbus led
to recommendations for a booklet on
"Crew Resource Management for glass
cockpits", containing a set of real-life
incident scenarios. PC-based simulation
software was evaluated for training
purposes by performing tests with
pilots from British Airways. As a result,
specific recommendations have been
formulated concerning training content,
training methods and the associated
training media.
Transition training for cockpit crews 15
Preparing flight crew for a new role
The increase in automated tasks in
the airline cockpit has changed the role of
the crew from an active one to an apparently
more passive one, supervising and managing
automated systems.Many believe that this
fundamental change in role has not
received enough attention and that it may
have led to crews not being adequately
trained to perform their new supervisory
and management tasks, resulting in a number
of accidents and incidents attributable
to human factors.
The increase in
automated tasks
in the airline cockpit
has changed the role
of the crew from an
active one to
an apparently more
passive one,
supervising
and managing
automated systems.
© Airbus
16 17
he transport research programme
has shown that the problems facing
air transport – more than for any
other single transport mode – can
only be met by harmonised and integrated
approaches on a European level. Research
has identified a set of candidate concepts,
systems and measures – in particular in
the ATM/CNS domain – and provided the
information base and validation experience
to support future implementation.
While research to date has centred around
the definition, architecture and design of Air
Traffic Management (ATM) technologies,
components and (sub-)systems, the focus of
research in ongoing projects has shifted to
large-scale validation of candidate ATM
concepts.This will be followed by live trials
of validated ATM concepts, ultimately leading
to the large-scale implementation of
reliable and modern systems across Europe.
This move towards implementation is
taking place in five main areas:
• large scale validation of ATM (and CNS)
concepts;
• integration of airborne ATM systems and
ground-based ATM systems;
• optimisation of airport operations;
• the sharing of experiences on airport
activities;
• human factors related training of air crews.
The continuous growth in air transport
demand can only be supported and
sustained by full co-ordination between
en-route ATM systems and airport planning
operations. On-going research will assess
the potential benefits of integrating
Airport Traffic Management Systems
that link existing ground, arrival and
departure operations.
CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS
IN TRANSPORT RESEARCH
This section identifies current
research projects in the air transport
sector. Further details are available
from the Links section of the
web-based Knowledge Centre.
T
SINGLE EUROPEAN SKY
Thematic network
on airport activities16
An integrated approach to airport activities
is needed to tackle the increasing ground
congestion at European airports, which is
most obvious with the lack of "slots", i.e. the
time window assigned to an aircraft for
take-off or landing.
In order to provide solutions for the current
situation, a substantial number of research
activities have been launched, both at
national and at European level.Therefore
a framework for co-ordination has been
created to increase transparency and
effectiveness in the development of
specific projects.
A focal point for collaboration will be
established where the main players can
　
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