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rail over the pilot's headbox. Superimposing the two establishes a bearing line and step down. Proper
wingtip clearance is set by reference to the exhaust nozzles. When the left and right nozzles are aligned
so that there is no detectable curve to the nozzles, the reference line is correct. The intersection of the
reference line with the bearing line is the proper parade position. See figure 9-2.
Parade turns are either standard (VFR) or instrument turns. During day VFR conditions, turns
away from the wingman are standard turns. To execute, when lead turns away, the wingmen roll the
aircraft about its own axis and increase power slightly to maintain rate of turn with the leader. Lateral
separation is maintained by increasing g. Proper step down is maintained by keeping the lead's fuselage
on the horizon.
Turns into the wingmen and all IFR or night turns in a parade formation are instrument turns.
During instrument turns maintain a parade position relative to the lead throughout the turn.
A1-F18EA-NFM-000
III-9-1 ORIGINAL
Figure 9-1. Formation Takeoff Runway Alignments
A1-F18EA-NFM-000
III-9-2 ORIGINAL
Figure 9-2. Formations (Sheet 1 of 2)
A1-F18EA-NFM-000
III-9-3 ORIGINAL
After initially joining up in echelon, three and four plane formations normally use balanced parade
formation. In balanced parade number 3 steps out until the exhaust nozzles on number 2 are flush. This
leaves enough space between number 3 and lead for number 2 to cross under into echelon.
When it is necessary to enter IFR conditions with a three or four plane formation, the lead directs
the flight to assume fingertip formation. In this formation number 3 moves up into close parade on the
lead. All turns are instrument turns.
9.1.4 Balanced Cruise Formation. The balanced cruise position is a looser formation which allows
the wingmen more time for visual lookout. Balanced cruise provides the wingmen with a cone of
maneuver behind the leader which allows the wingman to make turns by pulling inside the leader, and
requires little throttle change.
The balanced cruise position is defined by the wingman aligning his headbox with the front of lead's
wingtip missile rail and headbox, and lead's arresting hook fairing with the opposite wing formation
light. The wingmen are free to maneuver within the cone established by that bearing line on either
wing. In a division formation, number 3 should fly the bearing line but always leave adequate room for
number 2 and lead. Number 4 flies balanced cruise about number 3.
9.1.5 Section Approaches/Landing. The aircraft is comfortable to fly in formation, even at the low
airspeeds associated with an approach and landing. The rapid power response enhances position
keeping ability. The formation strip lighting provides a ready visual reference at night and the dual
radios generally ensure that intra-flight comm is available.
Figure 9-2. Formations (Sheet 2 of 2)
A1-F18EA-NFM-000
III-9-4 ORIGINAL
During section approaches all turns are ªinstrumentº turns about the leader. When a penetration is
commenced the leader retards power to 75% rpm and descends at 250 KIAS. If a greater descent rate
is required the speed brake may be used. Approximately 5 miles from the final approach fix or GCA
pickup the lead gives the signal for landing gear.
9.1.5.1 Section Landing. If a section landing is to be made, lead continues to maintain ON-SPEED
for the heaviest aircraft and flies a centered ball pass to touchdown on the center of one side of the
runway. Wingman flies the normal parade position, taking care not to be stepped up.
When ªin-closeº, wingman adds the runway to his scan and takes a small cut away from the lead to
land on the center of the opposite side of the runway while maintaining parade bearing. Use care to
ensure that drift away from the lead does not become excessive for the runway width. Remember,
flying a pure parade position allows four feet of wingtip clearance.
The wingman touches down first and decelerates on that half of the runway as an individual. Do not
attempt to brake in section. If lead must cross the wingman's nose to clear the duty, the wingman calls
ªclearº on comm 2 when at taxi speed and with at least 800 feet between aircraft. The lead stops after
clearing the runway and waits for the wingman to join for section taxi.
9.2 AIR REFUELING (RECEIVER)
Air refueling shall be conducted in accordance with the NATOPS Air-to-Air Refueling Manual.
NOTE
· If refueling from NATO aircraft, consult NATO publication ATP 56A,
AIR TO AIR REFUELING.
· The KC-10, KC-130, KC-135 tankers, F/A-18E/F and S-3 aircraft with
a 31-301 (A/A42R-1) buddy store are authorized tankers for air
　
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本文鏈接地址：NATOPS Flight Manual 飛行手冊 1(151)