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Dry grass* - up to 20cm (8 in) on firm soil
 20%
 1.20
 15%+
 1.15
 
Wet grass* - up to 20 cm (8in) on firm soil
 30%
 1.30
 35%
 1.35
 
 
 
 
 Very short grass may be slippery, and distances may increase by up to 60%
 
Wet paved surface
 -
 -
 15%
 1.15
 
A 2% slope*
 Uphill 10%
 1.10
 Downhill 10%
 1.10
 
Tailwind component 10% of lift off or landing speed
 20%
 1.20
 20%
 1.20
 
Soft ground or snow*
 25% or more
 1.25 +
 25% or more
 1.25+
 
NOW USE ADDITIONAL SAFETY FACTORS
(if data is unfactored)
 
 1.33
 
 1.43
 

 
1.* Effect on ground run/roll will be proportionately greater.
 
2.+ For a few types of aeroplane e.g. those without brakes, grass surfaces may decrease the landing roll.  However, assume the INCREASE shown until you are thoroughly conversant with the aeroplane type.
 
3. Any deviation from normal operating techniques is likely to result in an increased distance.

14. VFR Charts        
 
The production of VFR Charts has now transferred (from CAA) to NATS, who will now (under licence from CAA) control the scheduled production of maps and charts for both the Visual Flight Rules (VFR) series, and the Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP). 
 

 
 
1:500,000 ICAO Charts

 
 
 
 
 
This chart series serves the requirements of VFR in-flight navigation for low speed, short or medium range operations at low and intermediate altitudes. 3 Charts cover the UK. It is also used in pre-flight planning and for pilot and navigator training. Airspace information up to FL195 and obstacles above 300ft AGL are depicted. Supplied with free A5 frequency card. In addition to aeronautical information, the charts provide hydrographic, topographic, cultural and other visual features compatible with legibility at the scale of the chart – this information is supplied by GB Ordnance Survey and/or Ordnance Survey Northern Ireland. Terrain contours at intervals above 500ft AMSL depicted. The 1:500,000 series charts meet the ICAO standards and recommended practices as defined in ICAO Annex 4. Re -published approximately every year, depending on amount and nature of updates.
 
 
 
 

 
1:250,000 Charts

 
 
 
　
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本文鏈接地址：Guide to Visual Flight Rules (VFR) in the UK(49)