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the carrier must replace it.
Shippers
Preparing goods for shipment,
including documentation, such as
the Shipper's Declaration. This means
determining the classification,
packing it and labelling it properly.
Classes & Labelling
Packages with dangerous goods in
them must have diamond-shaped
labels that indicate their hazard by
class or division. These are:
1 Explosives (Black on Orange)
1.1 Mass explosion hazard
1.2 Projection hazard
1.3 Minor blast or projection hazard
1.4 No significant hazard
1.5 Very insensitive – mass explosion
1.6 Extremely insensitive – no mass
explosion
2 Gases
2.1 Flammable (White on Red)
2.2 Non-flam, non-toxic (White on Green)
2.3 Toxic Gas (Black on White)
3 Flammable Liquids (White on Red)
4 Flammable Solids
4.1 Solids (Black on Red/White stripes)
4.2 Spontaneous (Black on White, Red
lower)
4.3 Water reactive (White on Blue)
5 Oxidising Substances, Organic Peroxide
5.1 Oxidising substances (Black on Yellow)
5.2 Organic peroxides (Black on Yellow)
6 Toxic & Infectious Substances
6.1 Toxic substances (Black on White)
6.2 Infectious substances (Black on White)
7 Radioactive Materials (Black on White, or
Black on Yellow with White lower half).
8 Corrosives (Black on White)
9 Miscellaneous (Black on White)
As well, handling labels will have
special instructions, like "This Way
Up" (2 off, on opposite sides), or
"Cargo Aircraft Only" (next to the
hazard label).
Multiple Hazards
As mentioned above, certain items
can have two hazards, one of which
will take precedence. Table 3.10.A
lists some, except classes that always
come first:
·  1, 2 and 7
·  5.2 and 6.2
·  self-reactive items, and solid
desensitised explosives from 4.1
·  pyrophoric substances in 4.2
158 Operational Flying
·  Anything in 6.1 with Packing
Grp 1 vapour inhalation toxicity
Otherwise, the class or division at
the intersection of the lines in Table
3.10.A is the primary risk.
Packaging
Single packaging contains a substance
directly, such as a bottle of beer.
Combination packaging means an outer
casing containing inner packaging,
which can be treated separately, such
as a crate of beer. Composite packaging
is similar to combination, but the
inner and outer items are treated as
one unit.
You can mix dangerous goods in an
outer package as long as they don't
react with each other or otherwise
require segregation (see Table 9.3.A),
but see also Section 5.5. The same
conditions apply to an overpack,
which is used to combine packagings
for convenience, like shrinkwrap
(Sect 5.0.1.5 and Appendix A).
Depending on the danger, goods can
also be classified into Packing Groups:
Group Danger
I Great
II Medium
III Minor
There is an alphabetical list of
Dangerous Goods (the IATA book,
section 4.2), where goods have their
Class and Packing Group
determined for you, with maximum
quantities, type of label, etc. Packing
instructions are in Sect 5. Be aware
that you might need specific
containers for certain items. Where
more than one hazard is involved, a
label must be used for each one.
Packaging must be of good quality
and constructed and closed to
prevent leakage under normal
conditions. Materials used must not
react with the goods they are
supposed to protect. Enough space
must be left in liquid containers to
allow for expansion, and there
should be absorbent materials to
take up leaks (see Table 5.0.B).
Guidance for Acceptance,
Handling and Stowage
In practice a ground handling agent
may sort it all out for you, and it’s
the shipper’s responsibility to ensure
that all is correct (the carrier is
responsible for care in transit). Some
companies have a checklist of
dangerous goods that are commonly
carried. Before any goods are
accepted, though, an acceptance check
ensures that packages, overpacks and
containers are not damaged or
leaking, are correctly marked and
labelled, and documents are correct,
according to the Technical
Instructions (there should be an
example in the Ops Manual). Unless
you loaded it yourself, you must be
informed of any dangerous goods on
your flight with a form (Shipper's
Declaration) that includes:
·  the Air Waybill number
　
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