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Freight should not be carried
unless the aircraft is cleared for
it, and the appropriate spreader
boards, freight lashings, nets and
anchor points are available and
approved. Dangerous Goods are
covered in Chapter 9.
Ground Operations
Whenever an aircraft is to be
positioned on the ramp, under tow
or its own power, marshallers or
wingtip/rotor guides should be used
if there is any doubt about
clearances. Once parked, ground
support vehicles and equipment
should be clear and, if possible,
parallel to the centreline so if the
brakes fail they will not collide with
the aircraft. In all cases, the main exit
must be clear.
Engines should not be started until
all passengers or freight have been
loaded, doors and hatches have been
closed, and all ground equipment,
except for a GPU, has been
removed. As for the arrival,
marshallers should be available when
manoeuvring in relatively confined
or crowded areas of the apron.
Ground staff must have been briefed
on all aspects of ramp safety, with
particular reference to fire
prevention, blast and suction areas,
and the need to be constantly alert
for loose objects and/or debris.
Refusal of Embarkation
You can refuse entry to anyone who
could be a hazard, such as those
under the influence of alcohol or
drugs, or suffering from mental or
physical illnesses which could put
everyone else at risk. Sufferers of
known or declared illnesses may be
carried if prior medical approval has
been given, and qualified nurses
accompany them. To help you
exercise your authority, everyone
engaged in passenger handling
should alert you if they consider
particular passengers to be a
problem. Be prepared to call the
police if you need them.
De-icing/Anti-icing on the Ground
Certification for Icing Conditions
Having the equipment doesn't mean
you can fly in icing conditions. On
small twins it may just mean it
produces no adverse effects on
normal flight (though they might be
nearly always overweight), and noone
could be bothered to take it off.
Some aircraft are simply not happy
in icing, even if the stuff is there
(this is particularly true of older
Barons and PA31s). Icing equipment
is not certified if you are carrying
deposits from ground operations or
storage, so you must ensure that all
hoar frost, ice and snow is removed
before attempts are made to get
airborne, if only because the systems
don't get really under way till then.
Ground De-icing
Use either soft brushes, fluids, or a
combination (try parking behind a
friendly jet with its engines idling).
Operational Procedures 99
Priorities are control surface hinges,
engine intakes or static ports. Some
manufacturers, however, don't
recommend using fluids at all
because of the possible effect on the
bonding of composite materials.
Some people recommend using
warm water, but I'm not so sure
about that – I know that if you want
to freeze water quickly, you put it in
the freezer hot.
De-icing Fluids
The main types are what used to be
known as AEA (Association of
European Airlines) Type I
(unthickened) with a high glycol
content and low viscosity, and Type
II (thickened) with a minimum
glycol content of about 80% which,
with a thickening agent (one or two
teaspoons of
cornflour), remains
on surfaces for
longer, but
remember it has to
blow off before you
actually
get airborne. The
idea is to decrease
the freezing point of
water but, as the ice melts, the fluid
mixes with the water, both diluting it
and making it more runny.
What's left after repeated
applications to combat this is of an
unknown concentration, and may
refreeze quickly. Type III lies
somewhere between the two.
Type I fluids have good de-icing
properties, but may refreeze - they
are for de-icing, not anti-icing. Union
Carbide Ultra fluid (potentially Type
IV, and green in colour) appears to
increase the times given by the tables
below by 1.5 over Type II and way
more for Type I – they give general
guidance on the use of I and II, and
the likely protection you might get on
the ground (most fluids are gone by
rotation speed):
Type I holdover times
Approximate holdover times under various weather
conditions (hours:minutes)
OAT
(Co)
Frost Frzg
Fog
Snow Frzg
Rain
　
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