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They are located along the runway
centerline and are spaced at 50-foot
intervals. When viewed from the
landing threshold, the runway
centerline lights are white until the
last 3,000 feet of the runway. The
white lights begin to alternate with red
for the next 2,000 feet, and for the last
1,000 feet of the runway, all centerline
lights are red.
RUNWAY CENTERLINE
MARKINGS—
The runway centerline identifies the
center of the runway and provides
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SEA LEVEL—A reference height
used to determine standard
atmospheric conditions and altitude
measurements.
SEGMENTED CIRCLE—A visual
ground based structure to provide
traffic pattern information.
SERVICE CEILING—
The maximum density altitude where
the best rate-of-climb airspeed will
produce a 100 feet-per-minute climb
at maximum weight while in a clean
configuration with maximum continuous
power.
SERVO TAB—An auxiliary control
mounted on a primary control surface,
which automatically moves in the
direction opposite the primary control
to provide an aerodynamic assist in
the movement of the control.
SHAFT HORSE POWER (SHP)—
Turboshaft engines are rated in shaft
horsepower and calculated by use of
a dynamometer device. Shaft
horsepower is exhaust thrust
converted to a rotating shaft.
SHOCK WAVES—A compression
wave formed when a body moves
through the air at a speed greater than
the speed of sound.
SIDESLIP—A slip in which the
airplane’s longitudinal axis remains
parallel to the original flightpath, but the
airplane no longer flies straight ahead.
Instead, the horizontal component of
wing lift forces the airplane to move
sideways toward the low wing.
SINGLE ENGINE ABSOLUTE
CEILING—The altitude that a twinengine
airplane can no longer climb
with one engine inoperative.
SINGLE ENGINE SERVICE
CEILING—The altitude that a twinengine
airplane can no longer climb at
a rate greater then 50 f.p.m. with one
engine inoperative.
SKID—A condition where the tail of
the airplane follows a path outside the
path of the nose during a turn.
SPLIT SHAFT
TURBINE ENGINE—See FREE
POWER TURBINE ENGINE.
SPOILERS—High-drag devices that
can be raised into the air flowing over
an airfoil, reducing lift and increasing
drag. Spoilers are used for roll control
on some aircraft. Deploying spoilers
on both wings at the same time allows
the aircraft to descend without gaining
speed. Spoilers are also used to
shorten the ground roll after landing.
SPOOL—A shaft in a turbine engine
which drives one or more
compressors with the power derived
from one or more turbines.
STABILATOR—A single-piece horizontal
tail surface on an airplane that
pivots around a central hinge point. A
stabilator serves the purposes of both
the horizontal stabilizer and
the elevator.
STABILITY—The inherent quality
of an airplane to correct for conditions
that may disturb its equilibrium, and
to return or to continue on the original
flightpath. It is primarily an airplane
design characteristic.
STABILIZED APPROACH—A
landing approach in which the pilot
establishes and maintains a constant
angle glidepath towards a predetermined
point on the landing runway. It
is based on the pilot’s judgment of
certain visual cues, and depends on
the maintenance of a constant final
descent airspeed and configuration.
STALL—A rapid decrease in lift
caused by the separation of airflow
from the wing’s surface brought on by
exceeding the critical angle of attack.
A stall can occur at any pitch attitude
or airspeed.
STALL STRIPS—Aspoiler attached
to the inboard leading edge of some
wings to cause the center section of
the wing to stall before the tips. This
assures lateral control throughout the
stall.
SLIP—An intentional maneuver to
decrease airspeed or increase rate of
descent, and to compensate for a
crosswind on landing. A slip can also
be unintentional when the pilot fails
to maintain the aircraft in coordinated
flight.
SPECIFIC FUEL
CONSUMPTION—
Number of pounds of fuel consumed
in 1 hour to produce 1 HP.
SPEED—The distance traveled in a
given time.
SPEED BRAKES—A control
system that extends from the airplane
　
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