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the Class B airspace. The chart depicts
topographic information and
aeronautical information which
includes visual and radio aids
to navigation, airports, controlled
airspace, restricted areas, obstructions,
and related data.
V-G DIAGRAM—A chart that
relates velocity to load factor. It is
valid only for a specific weight,
configuration, and altitude and shows
the maximum amount of positive or
negative lift the airplane is capable of
generating at a given speed. Also
shows the safe load factor limits and
the load factor that the aircraft can
sustain at various speeds.
VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE
INDICATOR (VASI)—
The most common visual glidepath
system in use. The VASI provides
obstruction clearance within 10° of
the extended runway centerline, and
to 4 nautical miles (NM) from the
runway threshold.
VISUAL FLIGHT
RULES (VFR)—
Code of Federal Regulations that govern
the procedures for conducting
flight under visual conditions.
VLE—Landing gear extended speed.
The maximum speed at which an
airplane can be safely flown with the
landing gear extended.
VLOF—Lift-off speed. The speed at
which the aircraft departs the runway
during takeoff.
VLO—Landing gear operating speed.
The maximum speed for extending or
retracting the landing gear if using an
airplane equipped with retractable
landing gear.
VAPOR LOCK—A condition in
which air enters the fuel system and it
may be difficult, or impossible, to
restart the engine. Vapor lock may
occur as a result of running a fuel tank
completely dry, allowing air to enter
the fuel system. On fuel-injected
engines, the fuel may become so hot it
vaporizes in the fuel line, not allowing
fuel to reach the cylinders.
VA—The design maneuvering speed.
This is the “rough air” speed and the
maximum speed for abrupt
maneuvers. If during flight, rough air
or severe turbulence is encountered,
reduce the airspeed to maneuvering
speed or less to minimize stress on the
airplane structure. It is important to
consider weight when referencing this
speed. For example, VA may be 100
knots when an airplane is heavily
loaded, but only 90 knots when the
load is light.
VECTOR—A force vector is a
graphic representation of a force and
shows both the magnitude and
direction of the force.
VELOCITY—The speed or rate of
movement in a certain direction.
VERTICAL AXIS—An imaginary
line passing vertically through the
center of gravity of an aircraft. The
vertical axis is called the z-axis or the
yaw axis.
VERTICAL CARD COMPASS—
Amagnetic compass that consists of
an azimuth on a vertical card,
resembling a heading indicator with a
fixed miniature airplane to accurately
present the heading of the aircraft.
The design uses eddy current
damping to minimize lead and lag
during turns.
VERTICAL
SPEED INDICATOR (VSI)—
An instrument that uses static pressure
to display a rate of climb or descent in
feet per minute. The VSI can also
sometimes be called a vertical
velocity indicator (VVI).
VERTICAL STABILITY—Stability
about an aircraft’s vertical axis. Also
called yawing or directional stability.
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VMC—Minimum control airspeed.
This is the minimum flight speed at
which a twin-engine airplane can be
satisfactorily controlled when an
engine suddenly becomes inoperative
and the remaining engine is at takeoff
power.
VMD—Minimum drag speed.
VMO—Maximum operating speed
expressed in knots.
VNE—Never-exceed speed. Operating
above this speed is prohibited since it
may result in damage or structural
failure. The red line on the airspeed
indicator.
VNO—Maximum structural cruising
speed. Do not exceed this speed
except in smooth air. The upper limit
of the green arc.
VP—Minimum dynamic hydroplaning
speed. The minimum speed
required to start dynamic
hydroplaning.
VR—Rotation speed. The speed that
the pilot begins rotating the aircraft
prior to lift-off.
VS0—Stalling speed or the minimum
steady flight speed in the landing configuration.
In small airplanes, this is
the power-off stall speed at the maximum
landing weight in the landing
configuration (gear and flaps down).
The lower limit of the white arc.
　
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