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strength. A tire showing any cord
must be replaced prior to any further
flight.
TORQUE METER—An indicator
used on some large reciprocating
engines or on turboprop engines to
indicate the amount of torque the
engine is producing.
STICK PULLER—A device that
applies aft pressure on the control
column when the airplane is approaching
the maximum operating speed.
STICK PUSHER—A device that
applies an abrupt and large forward
force on the control column when the
airplane is nearing an angle of attack
where a stall could occur.
STICK SHAKER—An artificial
stall warning device that vibrates the
control column.
STRESS RISERS—
A scratch, groove, rivet hole, forging
defect or other structural discontinuity
that causes a concentration of stress.
SUBSONIC—Speed below the speed
of sound.
SUPERCHARGER—An engine- or
exhaust-driven air compressor used to
provide additional pressure to the
induction air so the engine can
produce additional power.
SUPERSONIC—Speed above the
speed of sound.
SUPPLEMENTAL TYPE
CERTIFICATE (STC)—
A certificate authorizing an alteration
to an airframe, engine, or component
that has been granted an Approved
Type Certificate.
SWEPT WING—A wing planform
in which the tips of the wing are
farther back than the wing root.
TAILWHEEL AIRCRAFT—
SEE CONVENTIONAL LANDING
GEAR.
TAKEOFF ROLL
(GROUND ROLL)—The total
distance required for an aircraft to
become airborne.
TARGET REVERSER—A thrust
reverser in a jet engine in which
clamshell doors swivel from the
stowed position at the engine tailpipe
to block all of the outflow and redirect
some component of the thrust
forward.
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TORQUE SENSOR—
See TORQUE METER.
TORQUE—1.Aresistance to turning
or twisting. 2. Forces that produce a
twisting or rotating motion. 3. In an
airplane, the tendency of the aircraft
to turn (roll) in the opposite direction
of rotation of the engine and propeller.
TOTAL DRAG—The sum of the
parasite and induced drag.
TOUCHDOWN ZONE LIGHTS—
Two rows of transverse light bars
disposed symmetrically about the
runway centerline in the runway
touchdown zone.
TRACK—The actual path made over
the ground in flight.
TRAILING EDGE—The portion of
the airfoil where the airflow over the
upper surface rejoins the lower
surface airflow.
TRANSITION LINER—
The portion of the combustor that
directs the gases into the turbine
plenum.
TRANSONIC—At the speed of
sound.
TRANSPONDER—The airborne
portion of the secondary surveillance
radar system. The transponder emits a
reply when queried by a radar facility.
TRICYCLE GEAR—Landing gear
employing a third wheel located on
the nose of the aircraft.
TRIM TAB—A small auxiliary
hinged portion of a movable control
surface that can be adjusted during
flight to a position resulting in a
balance of control forces.
TRIPLE SPOOL ENGINE—
Usually a turbofan engine design
where the fan is the N1 compressor,
followed by the N2 intermediate
compressor, and the N3 high pressure
compressor, all of which rotate on
separate shafts at different speeds.
TURBINE SECTION—The section
of the engine that converts high
pressure high temperature gas into
rotational energy.
TURBOCHARGER—
An air compressor driven by exhaust
gases, which increases the pressure of
the air going into the engine through
the carburetor or fuel injection
system.
TURBOFAN ENGINE—A turbojet
engine in which additional propulsive
thrust is gained by extending a portion
of the compressor or turbine blades
outside the inner engine case. The
extended blades propel bypass air
along the engine axis but between the
inner and outer casing. The air is not
combusted but does provide additional
thrust.
TURBOJET ENGINE—A jet
engine incorporating a turbine-driven
air compressor to take in and compress
air for the combustion of fuel,
the gases of combustion being used
both to rotate the turbine and create a
thrust producing jet.
TURBOPROP ENGINE—Aturbine
engine that drives a propeller through
a reduction gearing arrangement.
Most of the energy in the exhaust
gases is converted into torque, rather
　
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