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or manual observations available to the
specialist.
(See AIRPORT ADVISORY AREA.)
LOCAL TRAFFIC− Aircraft operating in the traffic
pattern or within sight of the tower, or aircraft known
to be departing or arriving from flight in local practice
areas, or aircraft executing practice instrument approaches
at the airport.
(See TRAFFIC PATTERN.)
LOCALIZER− The component of an ILS which
provides course guidance to the runway.
(See INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM.)
(See ICAO term LOCALIZER COURSE.)
(Refer to AIM.)
LOCALIZER COURSE [ICAO]− The locus of
points, in any given horizontal plane, at which the
DDM (difference in depth of modulation) is zero.
LOCALIZER OFFSET− An angular offset of the
localizer from the runway extended centerline in a
direction away from the no transgression zone (NTZ)
that increases the normal operating zone (NOZ)
width. An offset requires a 50 foot increase in DH and
is not authorized for CAT II and CAT III approaches.
LOCALIZER TYPE DIRECTIONAL AID− A NAVAID
used for nonprecision instrument approaches
with utility and accuracy comparable to a localizer
but which is not a part of a complete ILS and is not
aligned with the runway.
(Refer to AIM.)
LOCALIZER USABLE DISTANCE− The maximum
distance from the localizer transmitter at a
specified altitude, as verified by flight inspection, at
which reliable course information is continuously
received.
(Refer to AIM.)
LOCATOR [ICAO]− An LM/MF NDB used as an aid
to final approach.
Note: A locator usually has an average radius of
rated coverage of between 18.5 and 46.3 km (10
and 25 NM).
LONG RANGE NAVIGATION−
(See LORAN.)
LONGITUDINAL SEPARATION− The longitudinal
spacing of aircraft at the same altitude by a
minimum distance expressed in units of time or
miles.
(See SEPARATION.)
(Refer to AIM.)
LORAN− An electronic navigational system by
which hyperbolic lines of position are determined by
measuring the difference in the time of reception of
synchronized pulse signals from two fixed transmitters.
Loran A operates in the 1750-1950 KHz frequency
band. Loran C and D operate in the
100-110 KHz frequency band.
(Refer to AIM.)
LOST COMMUNICATIONS− Loss of the ability to
communicate by radio. Aircraft are sometimes
referred to as NORDO (No Radio). Standard pilot
procedures are specified in 14 CFR Part 91. Radar
controllers issue procedures for pilots to follow in the
event of lost communications during a radar approach
when weather reports indicate that an aircraft will
likely encounter IFR weather conditions during the
approach.
(Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.)
(Refer AIM.)
8/5/04 Pilot/Controller Glossary
PCG L−3
LOW ALTITUDE AIRWAY STRUCTURE− The
network of airways serving aircraft operations up to
but not including 18,000 feet MSL.
(See AIRWAY.)
(Refer to AIM.)
LOW ALTITUDE ALERT, CHECK YOUR ALTITUDE
IMMEDIATELY−
(See SAFETY ALERT.)
LOW ALTITUDE ALERT SYSTEM− An automated
function of the TPX-42 that alerts the
controller when a Mode C transponder equipped
aircraft on an IFR flight plan is below a
predetermined minimum safe altitude. If requested
by the pilot, Low Altitude Alert System monitoring
is also available to VFR Mode C transponder
equipped aircraft.
LOW APPROACH− An approach over an airport or
runway following an instrument approach or a VFR
approach including the go-around maneuver where
the pilot intentionally does not make contact with the
runway.
(Refer to AIM.)
LOW FREQUENCY− The frequency band between
30 and 300 KHz.
(Refer to AIM.)
LPV− A type of approach with vertical guidance
(APV) based on WAAS, published on RNAV (GPS)
approach charts. This procedure takes advantage of
the precise lateral guidance available from WAAS.
The minima is published as a decision altitude (DA).

2/17/05 Pilot/Controller Glossary
PCG M−1
M
MAA−
(See MAXIMUM AUTHORIZED ALTITUDE.)
MACH NUMBER− The ratio of true airspeed to the
speed of sound; e.g., MACH .82, MACH 1.6.
(See AIRSPEED.)
MACH TECHNIQUE [ICAO]− Describes a control
technique used by air traffic control whereby turbojet
aircraft operating successively along suitable routes
are cleared to maintain appropriate MACH numbers
for a relevant portion of the en route phase of flight.
The principle objective is to achieve improved
utilization of the airspace and to ensure that separation
　
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