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experience, knowledge, skill level, and attitude.
Exercising good judgment begins prior to taking the
controls of an aircraft. Often, pilots thoroughly check
their aircraft to determine airworthiness, yet do not
evaluate their own fitness for flight. Just as a checklist
is used when preflighting an aircraft, a personal
checklist based on such factors as experience, currency,
and comfort level can help determine if you are
prepared for a particular flight. Specifying when
refresher training should be accomplished and designating
weather minimums, which may be higher than
those listed in Title 14 of the Code of Federal
Regulations (14 CFR) part 91, are elements that may
be included on a personal checklist. In addition to a
review of personal limitations, you should use the I’M
SAFE Checklist to further evaluate your fitness for
flight. [Figure 14-5]
RECOGNIZING HAZARDOUS ATTITUDES
Being fit to fly depends on more than just your physical
condition and recency of experience. For example,
attitude affects the quality of your decisions. Attitude
can be defined as a personal motivational predisposition
to respond to persons, situations, or events in a
given manner. Studies have identified five hazardous
attitudes that can interfere with your ability to make
sound decisions and exercise authority properly.
[Figure 14-6]
Hazardous attitudes can lead to poor decision making
and actions that involve unnecessary risk. You must
examine your decisions carefully to ensure that your
choices have not been influenced by hazardous
attitudes, and you must be familiar with positive alternatives
to counteract the hazardous attitudes. These
substitute attitudes are referred to as antidotes. During
a flight operation, it is important to be able to recognize
<51 101 201 501 <1000 <2000 10,000 Total
Pilot's Total Time (Hours)
40
30
20
10
Night VFR Accident Rate
Per 100,000 Hours
Figure 14-4. Statistical data can identify operations that have
more risk. Illness—Do I have any symptoms?
Medication—Have I been taking prescription or  
over-the-counter drugs?
Stress—Am I under psychological pressure from
the job? Worried about financial matters, health
problems, or family discord?
Fatigue—Am I tired and not adequately rested?
Eating—Am I adequately nourished?
Alcohol—Have I been drinking within 8 hours?
Within 24 hours?
I'M SAFE CHECKLIST
Figure 14-5. Prior to flight, you should assess your fitness,
just as you evaluate the aircraft’s airworthiness.
14-6
a hazardous attitude, correctly label the thought, and
then recall its antidote. [Figure 14-7]
STRESS MANAGEMENT
Everyone is stressed to some degree all the time. Acertain
amount of stress is good since it keeps a person
alert and prevents complacency. However, effects of
stress are cumulative and, if not coped with adequately,
they eventually add up to an intolerable burden.
Performance generally increases with the onset of
stress, peaks, and then begins to fall off rapidly as stress
levels exceed a person’s ability to cope. The ability to
make effective decisions during flight can be impaired
by stress. Factors, referred to as stressors, can increase
a pilot’s risk of error in the cockpit. [Figure 14-8]
There are several techniques to help manage the accumulation
of life stresses and prevent stress overload.
For example, including relaxation time in a busy schedule
and maintaining a program of physical fitness can
help reduce stress levels. Learning to manage time
more effectively can help you avoid heavy pressures
imposed by getting behind schedule and not meeting
deadlines. Take an assessment of yourself to determine
your capabilities and limitations and then set realistic
goals. In addition, avoiding stressful situations and
encounters can help you cope with stress.
USE OF RESOURCES
To make informed decisions during flight operations,
you must be aware of the resources found both inside
and outside the cockpit. Since useful tools and sources
of information may not always be readily apparent,
learning to recognize these resources is an essential
part of ADM training. Resources must not only be iden-
THE FIVE HAZARDOUS ATTITUDES
1. Anti-Authority:

"Don't tell me."

This attitude is found in people who do not like anyone telling them what to do. In a sense, they
are saying, "No one can tell me what to do." They may be resentful of having someone tell them
what to do, or may regard rules, regulations, and procedures as silly or unnecessary. However, it
　
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