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line. [Figure 20-11] The maneuver should be
performed at a constant altitude of 600 to 1,000 feet
above the terrain. S-turns may be started at any point;
however, during early training it may be beneficial to
start on a downwind heading. Entering downwind
permits the immediate selection of the steepest bank
that is desired throughout the maneuver. The discussion
that follows is based on choosing a reference line
that is perpendicular to the wind and starting the
maneuver on a downwind heading.
As the gyroplane crosses the reference line, immediately
establish a bank. This initial bank is the steepest
used throughout the maneuver since the gyroplane is
headed directly downwind and the groundspeed is at its
highest. Gradually reduce the bank, as necessary, to
describe a ground track of a half circle. Time the turn
so that as the rollout is completed, the gyroplane is
crossing the reference line perpendicular to it and heading
directly upwind. Immediately enter a bank in the
opposite direction to begin the second half of the “S.”
Since the gyroplane is now on an upwind heading, this
bank (and the one just completed before crossing the
reference line) is the shallowest in the maneuver.
Gradually increase the bank, as necessary, to describe a
ground track that is a half circle identical in size to the
one previously completed on the other side of the reference
line. The steepest bank in this turn should be
attained just prior to rollout when the gyroplane is
approaching the reference line nearest the downwind
heading. Time the turn so that as the rollout is complete,
the gyroplane is perpendicular to the reference
line and is again heading directly downwind.
In summary, the angle of bank required at any given
point in the maneuver is dependent on the groundspeed.
The faster the groundspeed, the steeper the
bank; the slower the groundspeed, the shallower
the bank. To express it another way, the more nearly
the gyroplane is to a downwind heading, the steeper the
bank; the more nearly it is to an upwind heading, the
shallower the bank. In addition to varying the angle of
bank to correct for drift in order to maintain the proper
radius of turn, the gyroplane must also be flown with a
drift correction angle (crab) in relation to its ground
track; except of course, when it is on direct upwind or
downwind headings or there is no wind. One would
normally think of the fore and aft axis of the gyroplane
as being tangent to the ground track pattern at each
point. However, this is not the case. During the turn on
the upwind side of the reference line (side from which
the wind is blowing), crab the nose of the gyroplane
toward the outside of the circle. During the turn on the
downwind side of the reference line (side of the reference
line opposite to the direction from which the wind
is blowing), crab the nose of the gyroplane toward the
inside of the circle. In either case, it is obvious that the
gyroplane is being crabbed into the wind just as it is
when trying to maintain a straight ground track. The
amount of crab depends upon the wind velocity and
how nearly the gyroplane is to a crosswind position.
The stronger the wind, the greater the crab angle at any
given position for a turn of a given radius. The more
nearly the gyroplane is to a crosswind position, the
greater the crab angle. The maximum crab angle should
be at the point of each half circle farthest from the
reference line.
Astandard radius for S-turns cannot be specified, since
the radius depends on the airspeed of the gyroplane, the
Points of

Shallowest Bank
Points of

Steepest Bank
WIND
Figure 20-11. S-turns across a road.
20-11
velocity of the wind, and the initial bank chosen for
entry.
TURNS AROUND A POINT
This training maneuver requires you to fly constant
radius turns around a preselected point on the ground
using a maximum bank of approximately 40°, while
maintaining a constant altitude. [Figure 20-12] Your
objective, as in other ground reference maneuvers, is to
develop the ability to subconsciously control the gyroplane
while dividing attention between the flight path
and ground references, while still watching for other
air traffic in the vicinity.
The factors and principles of drift correction that are
involved in S-turns are also applicable in this maneuver.
As in other ground track maneuvers, a constant
radius around a point will, if any wind exists, require a
constantly changing angle of bank and angles of wind
correction. The closer the gyroplane is to a direct
　
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