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required. For further explanation of a gyroplane power
curve, see Flight at Slow Airspeeds, which is discussed
later in this chapter.
DESCENTS
A descent is the result of using less power than that
required for straight-and-level flight at a particular
airspeed. Varying engine power during a descent allows
you to choose a variety of descent profiles. In a power-off
descent, the minimum descent rate is achieved by using
the airspeed that would normally be used for level flight
at minimum power, which is also very close to the speed
used for the best angle of climb. When distance is a factor
during a power-off descent, maximum gliding distance
can be achieved by maintaining a speed very close to the
best rate-of-climb airspeed. Because a gyroplane can be
safely flown down to zero airspeed, a common error in
this type of descent is attempting to extend the glide by
raising the pitch attitude. The result is a higher rate of
descent and less distance being covered. For this reason,
proper glide speed should be adhered to closely. Should a
strong headwind exist, while attempting to achieve the
maximum distance during a glide, a rule of thumb to
achieve the greatest distance is to increase the glide speed
by approximately 25 percent of the headwind. The attitude
of the gyroplane for best glide performance is
learned with experience, and slight pitch adjustments are
made for the proper airspeed. If a descent is needed to
lose excess altitude, slowing the gyroplane to below the
best glide speed increases the rate of descent. Typically,
slowing to zero airspeed results in a descent rate twice
that of maintaining the best glide speed.
TURNS
Turns are made in a gyroplane by banking the rotor disc
with cyclic control. Once the area, in the direction of the
turn, has been cleared for traffic, apply sideward pressure
on the cyclic until the desired bank angle is
achieved. The speed at which the gyroplane enters the
bank is dependent on how far the cyclic is displaced.
When the desired bank angle is reached, return the
cyclic to the neutral position. The rudder pedals are used
to keep the gyroplane in longitudinal trim throughout
the turn, but not to assist in establishing the turn.
The bank angle used for a turn directly affects the rate
of turn. As the bank is steepened, the turn rate
increases, but more power is required to maintain altitude.
A bank angle can be reached where all available
power is required, with any further increase in bank
resulting in a loss of airspeed or altitude. Turns during a
climb should be made at the minimum angle of bank
necessary, as higher bank angles would require more
power that would otherwise be available for the climb.
Turns while gliding increase the rate of descent and may
be used as an effective way of losing excess altitude.
SLIPS
A slip occurs when the gyroplane slides sideways
toward the center of the turn. [Figure 20-8] It is caused
by an insufficient amount of rudder pedal in the direction
of the turn, or too much in the direction opposite
the turn. In other words, holding improper rudder pedal
pressure keeps the nose from following the turn, the
gyroplane slips sideways toward the center of the turn.
SKIDS
Askid occurs when the gyroplane slides sideways away
from the center of the turn. [Figure 20-9] It is caused by
too much rudder pedal pressure in the direction of the
turn, or by too little in the direction opposite the turn. If
the gyroplane is forced to turn faster with increased
pedal pressure instead of by increasing the degree of
Slip
HCL Inertia
Figure 20-8. During a slip, the rate of turn is too slow for the
angle of bank used, and the horizontal component of lift
(HCL) exceeds inertia. You can reestablish equilibrium by
decreasing the angle of bank, increasing the rate of turn by
applying rudder pedal, or a combination of the two.
Skid
HCL Inertia
Figure 20-9. During a skid, inertia exceeds the HCL. To
reestablish equilibrium, increase the bank angle or reduce
the rate of turn by applying rudder pedal. You may also use a
combination of these two corrections.
20-8
bank, it skids sideways away from the center of the turn
instead of flying in its normal curved pattern.
COMMON ERRORS DURING BASIC FLIGHT
MANEUVERS
1. Improper coordination of flight controls.
2. Failure to cross-check and correctly interpret
outside and instrument references.
3. Using faulty trim technique.
STEEP TURNS
A steep turn is a performance maneuver used in
training that consists of a turn in either direction at a
　
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