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recovered bodies and otherwise help in the search for bodies or body fragments and assist whenever
required. In case of badly burnt or maimed bodies, a preliminary description of the teeth has to be made and
dental radiographs taken with portable X-ray equipment before handling and transporting the body. The
forensic odontologist may even choose to complete the post-mortem registration at the scene of the
accident.
Ante-mortem recording group
An ante-mortem (AM) dental data collection centre chaired by an experienced forensic odontologist should
be set up as early as possible after the accident. In the aftermath of a disaster with significant numbers of
victims, the local police or other approved authorities will contact dentists known to have treated specific
missing persons. Access to AM dental data may differ widely from country to country, usually as a
consequence of different regulations for dental record keeping. Forensic odontologists, with or without
assistance from other professionals (police, forensic pathologists, etc) may facilitate the collection of dental
AM data by making use of their national or world-wide contacts. The collection of AM dental information
is routine in many countries, but less well established in other countries. In the latter case, guidelines from
ICAO Preliminary Unedited Version — October 2008 IV-2-2
the AM data centre should be provided detailing material to collect: dental records that are on file,
conventional or digital radiographs of teeth, jaws and/or scull, dental casts or models, etc. It is equally
important to give instruction on how to forward and ensure proper labeling of the AM information. Original
records including x-rays are irreplaceable and may get lost if sent by ordinary mail or released to relatives
or other individuals acting on behalf of the victim. To cope with this obstacle, dental AM data (records,
x-rays, photographs) should be duplicated and originals kept and stored safely by the AM dental data
collection centre based in the country of residence of the victims. The forensic odontologists attached to this
centre may be referred to as the ‘home dental AM team’ or just the ‘home team’. Duplicated radiographs
and photographs should be clearly labeled. Alternatively the home team could enter the AM information on
the DVI dental forms (yellow pages F1, F2) and forward the data to the on-site personnel via electronic
transmission through a secured website and after encrypting the data. The latter method would take advance
of home AM teams being able to better understand text written in their own language and translate
abbreviations and characteristics which may be difficult to interpret for international teams. In case of
foreign nationals, it may be advisable to obtain assistance of forensic odontologists who are compatriots of
the victims involved, and who may contribute by working together with the on-site personnel by translating
and checking information forwarded to the AM data collection centre. As a rule, teams of two forensic
odontologists are preferable in the handling of the incoming AM material to check for discrepancies and to
minimize errors while transferring the data to the appropriate forms. It is equally important that the AM data
from dental records are quality checked; whether the entry is done by the home team or at the site of
accident.
Post-mortem dental examination group
There will always be pressure from distressed relatives, media and political authorities to start the PM
examination immediately. Priority ought to be given to photographing faces of the victims before
decomposition starts and to planning a system of numbering that follows the victims, their forms and
samples throughout the identification process. At present, bar coding would be a proper system to consider.
As the teeth and dental structures are fairly stable under variable conditions, the forensic odontological
examination may wait until adequate working conditions are established. Provided working conditions are
adequate, several re-xaminations may be avoided and in the long run time may be saved. Essential dental
autopsy equipment includes cameras, preferably digital cameras, and portable x-ray machines. The
examination kit may further include UV-light to trace tooth-coloured restorations that may otherwise easily
be overlooked. The PM examination should be carried out in the mortuary, whether permanent or temporary.
Beforehand the identification commission should decide on the management of the DVI operation,
preferably based on the Interpol DVI guide, and subsequently provide standardized protocols and
procedures for pathology, odontology, photography, fingerprinting, re-examination, transportation of
bodies, chain of custody and DNA profiling. Furthermore a decision should be made on the sequence of
　
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