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the society, in dental health status between indigenous population and ethnic minority groups, and between
men and women.
ICAO Preliminary Unedited Version — October 2008 IV-2-5
Variability in standard and quality of dental records
The identification statement is based on the assumption that the ante-mortem records relied on were correct
and adequate as to name, dates, written and charted notations, etc. The information available so far suggests
large variations in the standard of dental record keeping around the world. Experience from mass disasters
indicates that dental records of good quality, including charts and x-rays, are available from Northern,
Western and Central Europe, North America and Oceania, whereas dental records are limited and hard to
obtain from other parts of the world, in particular Eastern Europe and Asia. In the early 1970s, a two-digit
notation was proposed as an international standard, but so far this so-called FDI notation or its variant ISO
3950 is not universally used. Abbreviations for recording dental treatment in notes and charts are
commonplace world-wide, but no internationally approved standard codes for the recording of various
forms of dental treatment, anomalies, etc exist. The variations in dental recording with regard to notation,
charting systems and abbreviations, make it important that forensic odontologists and not police officers or
forensic pathologists interpret, record, and translate AM dental information.
IDENTIFICATION BY DNA “FINGERPRINTING” OF DENTAL TISSUE
In case of an inadequate number of teeth in the bodily remains or unavailability of dental records,
identification and gender determination based on DNA analysis can be performed, provided tissue samples
from parents or siblings (buccal swabs) or a known AM sample can be obtained and used for comparison.
Teeth are a useful source of DNA material and various regions of the teeth, such as the crown body, root tip
and, in particular, root body, provide sufficient quantity of DNA to support DNA extraction thus justifying
extraction from a found tooth fragment. The latter may occur after explosions or airplane crashes, because
human remains are then often fragmented and comingled. Genomic DNA found in the nucleus of each cell
of a tooth’s calcified tissues (dentine and cement) and pulp is the primary source for forensic application but
the cells also contain mitochondrial DNA, which with time may become the basis of a powerful technique
in dental identification. The major protein found in human enamel has a slightly different size and pattern
of the nucleotide sequence in male and female enamel. These differences are sufficient to be used as a
sensitive gender determinant for very small samples of DNA from unknown human skeletal or dental
remains.
INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION AND COMMUNICATION IN
FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY
Interpol is the official channel for exchange of information on dental as well as other evidence related to
missing persons and unidentified bodies. To ensure minimum standards, the Interpol DVI Standing
Committee is continuously working on guidelines for identification of foreign disaster victims. The Interpol
DVI guidelines further provide specific recommendations to member states on international co-operation
for identification of victims of mass disasters, according to which member states are encouraged to establish
a national DVI team as well as a liaison team to be activated in case of mass disasters abroad. Whenever
foreign nationals are involved in mass disasters, the country in charge of the identification should rapidly
establish and maintain, directly or through Interpol, close co-operation with corresponding authorities in the
victims home countries. Member states are advised to explore the possibility of one or more of their experts
travelling to the site to attend or assist in identification of their own as well as other nationals. Despite
effective collaboration between forensic experts, the differences existing between legislation and
medico-legal systems may still hamper the rational and optimal coordination of the medico-legal
investigation of a mass disaster. These obstacles were faced initially but mostly overcome with time during
the hitherto largest, multinational DVI operation ever conducted after the Indian Ocean tsunami disaster in
Thailand in December 2004. Complex challenges arose, related to identifying about 3000 victims from
approximately 30 countries while working in temporary morgues. The DVI teams consisted of about 600
ICAO Preliminary Unedited Version — October 2008 IV-2-6
persons from Thailand and approx. 30 other countries and included forensic odontologists from over 20
countries. Identification of most tsunami victims in Thailand relied on dental means and fingerprints rather
　
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