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to them below:
Accuracy. The closeness with which a measurement
approaches the true value established independently.
Calibration gas. A high accuracy reference gas to be used
for alignment, adjustment and periodic checks of instruments.
ConcentMtion. The volume fraction of the component of
interest in the gas mixture - expressed as volume percentage
or as parts per million.
Flame bnization detector. A hydrogen-air diffusion flame
detector that produces a signal nominally proportional to the
mass-flow rate of hydrocarbons entering the flame per unit of
time - generally assumed responsive to the number of carbon
atoms entering the flame.
Interference. Instrument response due to presence of
components other than the gas (or vapour) that is to be
measured.
Noise. Random variation in instrument output not
associated with characteristics of the sample to which the
instrument is responding, and distinguishable from its drift
characteristics.
Non-dispersive injka-red amljser. An instrument that by
absorption of infra-red energy selectively measures specific
components.
Parts per dUon @pm). The unit volume concentration
of a gas per million unit volume of the gas mixture of which
it is a part.
Parts per million carbon @t mC). The mole fraction of hydrocarbon multiplied by 10 measured on a methaneequivalence
hsis. Thus. 1 ppm of methane is indicated as
1 ppmC. To convert ppm concentration of any hydrocarbon to
an equivalent ppmC value, multiply ppm concentration by the
number of carbon atoms per molecule of the gas. For example,
1 ppm propane translates as 3 ppmC hydrocarbon; 1 ppm
hexane as 6 ppmC hydrocarbon.
Plume. Total external engine exhaust flow, including any
ambient air with which the exhaust mixes.
Reference gas. A mixture of gases of specified and known
composition used as the basis for interpreting instnunent
response in terms of the concentration of the gas to which the
instrument is responding.
Repeutubiuty, The closeness with which a measurement
upon a given, invariant sample can be reproduced in short-term
repetitions of the measurement with no intervening instrument
adjustment.
Resolution. The smallest change in a measurement which
can be detected.
Response. The change in instrument output signal that
occurs with change in sample concentration. Also the output
signal corresponding to a given sample concentration.
Stcrbiuty. The closeness with which repeated measurements
upon a given invariant sample can be maintained over a given
period of time.
Zero d@. Time-related deviation of instrument output
from zero set point when it is operating on gas free of the
component to be measured.
Zero gas. A gas to be used in establishing the zero, or no
response, adjustment of an instrument.
1lIly93 36 ANNEX 16 - VOLUME I1
Appendix 5 Annex 16 - Environmentul Protection
[Nod mean concentration of NO2 in exhaust sample. K = (PB,,JPBY x (FARJFAR,)~
volfvol, wet x exp (ITBref - TBI/c) x exp (d(h - 0.006341)
PB Combustor inlet pressure, measured
TB Combustor inlet temperature, measured
mean concentration of NO in exhaust sample
after passing through the N0,MO converter, FAR^ Fuelfair ratio in the combustar
volfvol, wet
h Ambient air humidity
efficiency of NOPO converter
humidity of ambient air, vol waterlvol dry air PEf
number of C atoms in characteristic fuel T,f
ISA sea level pressure
ISA sea level temperature
molecule
P~rrf Pressure at the combustor inlet of the engine
number of H atoms in characteristic fuel tested (or the reference engine if the data is
molecule corrected to a reference engine) associated
with TB under ISA sea level conditions.
number of C atoms in characteristic exhaust
hydrocarbon molecule
Y number of H atoms in characteristic exhaust
hydrocarbon molecule
The value of dm, the ratio of the atomic hydrogen to atomic
carbon of fuel used, is evaluated by fuel type analysis. The
ambient air humidity, h, shall be measured at each set
condition. In the absence of contrary evidence as to the
characterization (x,y) of the exhaust hydrocarbons, the values
x = 1, y = 4 are to be used. If dry or semi-dry CO and C02
measurements are to be used then these shall first be converted
to the equivalent wet concentrations as shown in
Attachment E to this appendix, which also contains interference
correction formulas for use as required.
Note.- The procedure given in 7.1.4 and 7.2 is only
applicable to tests made when afrerburning is not used. For
tests when afrerbuming is used, a similar procedure could be
　
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