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accuracy and split-second timing to properly execute the mission.
AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001 363
Chapter 19
AIR REFUELING
Section 19A— Introduction
19.1. Basics. Global air refueling is the primary means of extending US air power worldwide. The
decrease in operating bases on foreign soil and the application of aircraft for roles in command and
control, logistics, and long range reconnaissance has expanded the role of air refueling to support all Air
Force missions. Although tankers still support the Single Integrated Operations Plan (SIOP) missions,
they are also called upon to provide support to a wide range of operations that include most of the US
Air Force's aircraft and some friendly foreign aircraft as well. The information contained in this section
is general and nondirective in nature. Consult specific command directives if planning aerial refueling
operations.
19.2. Mission Planning. It is very helpful to coordinate information between receiver and tanker
aircrews while mission planning. For operational missions, do not compromise security by discussing
sensitive or classified information through unsecured media. When it is feasible to communicate before
flight on training missions, tanker and receiver crews should confirm basic scheduling information and
discuss pertinent details of the mission. Pre-flight communication often clears up problems that could
cause confusion, possibly resulting in a dangerous situation while airborne. Discuss or confirm the
following items prior to flight when practical:
19.2.1. Takeoff times and locations.
19.2.2. Call signs and number of aircraft.
19.2.3. Routing to the air refueling.
19.2.4. Type of rendezvous.
19.2.5. Timing considerations.
19.2.6. Refueling altitude and track.
19.2.7. Amount of fuel to be transferred.
19.2.8. Training requirements.
19.2.9. End of air refueling routing or altitude.
19.2.10. Formation procedures.
19.2.11. Radio frequencies/equipment settings.
19.2.12. MARSA procedures.
364 AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001
NOTE: When air refueling control points (ARCP) are located above 60o north or below 60o south
latitude, polar navigation (USAF Grid) may be required. Grid courses may vary significantly from one
type projection to another.
Section 19B— Communication
19.3. Basics. During air refueling operations, communication between tanker and receiver crews must
be a highly coordinated effort. Tankers and receivers communicate over a dedicated refueling frequency.
Voice transmissions on that frequency should be concise and kept to an absolute minimum. Any
unnecessary transmissions could provide useful information to the enemy in a hostile environment.
Receiver and tanker crews should use standard radio calls and terminology to minimize confusion.
Section 19C— Refueling Tracks
19.4. Basics. Air refueling tracks are published in FLIP AP/1B. This publication contains geographic
coordinates, air refueling frequencies, altitudes, rendezvous equipment settings, and specific notes.
Rules governing air refueling can be found in Federal Aviation Regulations. There are two basic types
of tracks: linear tracks and anchor tracks. Occasionally, a random, unpublished track is used to meet
specific mission requirements.
19.4.1. A linear track (see Figure 19.1) begins at the air refueling initial point (ARIP), continues to the
air refueling control point (ARCP), and follows a series of navigation check points to the end air
refueling exit (AREX) point. This type of track is not necessarily a straight line, and may be comprised
of a series of straight segments with turns along the published route. After a rendezvous on a straight
track, aircraft are expected to remain as close to the published course as possible.
Figure 19.1. Typical Linear Air Refueling Track.
19.4.2. An anchor track (see Figure 19.2) consists of a series of points arranged in a racetrack pattern
within a prescribed boundary. The boundary is typically rectangular, but can be any size or shape. An
anchor point is designated for tanker orbit. Receiver aircraft enter at the ARIP or a designated entry
point when published. Aircraft must remain within the published boundaries during air refueling.
AFPAM11-216 1 MARCH 2001 365
Figure 19.2. Typical Anchor Refueling Track.
Section 19D— Rendezvous Procedures
19.5. Basics. There are three basic types of rendezvous: en route, point parallel, and radar controller
directed. In all three types the tanker is positioned at a base refueling altitude and the highest receiver
aircraft is at least a thousand feet below the tanker. To preclude an altitude conflict, confirm altitudes
with receiver or tanker prior to rendezvous. Regardless of the type of rendezvous, the purpose is to get
　
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