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Recognising that the design of Terminal Airspace is subject to many considerations which vary from location to location dependent upon local requirements, it is nevertheless possible to lay down broad principles of Terminal Airspace design which can be adopted as policy at STATE level. This chapter describes General Principles of design which may be viewed as providing the policy framework for Terminal Airspace design .
None of these principles should be viewed in isolation: inasmuch as a Terminal Airspace is part of the whole airspace continuum, each principle is also an integral part of the whole.
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Six General Principles can be viewed as the cornerstones of the Terminal Airspace design process. Of these principles, only Principle 1 (and its sub-principle P1.1) is prescriptive in that it stems from an ICAO Standard contained in Annex 11 (complemented by provisions in PANS-ATM Doc. 4444).
Listed below in shaded text, these principles and their sub-principles are elaborated upon in the paragraphs which follow.
P.1  SAFETY SHALL BE ENHANCED OR AT LEAST MAINTAINED BY THE DESIGN OF (OR ALTERATION TO) A TERMINAL AIRSPACE. THIS PRINCIPLE INCLUDES A RECOMMENDATION TO-
P.1.1  COMPLY WITH ICAO STANDARDS, RECOMMENDED PRACTICES AND PROCEDURES 
P1.2  SUBJECT ANY TERMINAL AIRSPACE DESIGN (OR CHANGE) TO A SAFETY ASSESSMENT. 
P1.3  ANALYSE, EVALUATE AND VALIDATE ANY DESIGN (OR CHANGE) TO TERMINAL AIRSPACE. 

P.2  TERMINAL AIRSPACE DESIGN SHOULD BE DRIVEN BY OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS. THIS INCLUDES RECOMMENDATIONS TO -
P.2.1  BALANCE THE INTERESTS OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL AND AIRSPACE USERS IN ACCORDANCE WITH STATE POLICY (also see P.3.1); 
P.2.2  PROMOTE THE USE OF THE FLEXIBLE USE OF AIRSPACE CONCEPT (FUA) WHERE APPROPRIATE. 

P.3  WITHOUT PREJUDICE TO PRINCIPLE P.1, WHETHER AND TO WHAT EXTENT CONSIDERATION SHALL BE GIVEN TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT WHEN DESIGNING A TERMINAL AIRSPACE IS TO BE DECIDED BY STATE POLICY. THIS IMPLIES REQUIREMENTS FOR -
P.3.1  STATE POLICY MAKERS AND REGULATORY AUTHORITIES TO PROVIDE GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION. 

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P.4  THE DESIGN OF A TERMINAL AIRSPACE SHOULD BE UNDERTAKEN IN A COLLABORATIVE MANNER. THIS IMPLIES RECOMMENDATIONS THAT -
P.4.1  TERMINAL AIRSPACE DESIGN PROJECTS SHOULD BE UNDERTAKEN BY MULTI-DISCIPLINARY PROJECT TEAMS WHICH INCLUDE REPRESENTATIVES OF AIRSPACE USERS, OPERATIONAL CONTROLLERS FROM ACROSS ATC DISCIPLINES AS WELL AS A PANS-OPS DESIGN SPECIALIST. 

P.5  TERMINAL AIRSPACE SHOULD BE DESIGNED, WHERE POSSIBLE, SO AS TO BE 
INTEGRATED INTO THE AIRSPACE CONTINUUM BOTH VERTICALLY AND LATERALLY 
WITHOUT BEING CONSTRAINED BY STATE BOUNDARIES 

P.6  TERMINAL AIRSPACE SHOULD BE DESIGNED FOLLOWING A CLEAR DESIGN 
METHODOLOGY WITHIN THE GREATER CONTEXT OF A TERMINAL AIRSPACE DESIGN 
PROCESS. 

2.2.1 P.1 -SAFETY

P.1  SAFETY SHALL BE ENHANCED OR AT LEAST MAINTAINED BY THE DESIGN OF (OR ALTERATION TO) A TERMINAL AIRSPACE. THIS PRINCIPLE INCLUDES A RECOMMENDATION TO-
　
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