3.3 Other relevant work
Previous work has been conducted on autonomous “agents” that aid the flight crew, or pilot, in making changes to the flight plan. These efforts all address more sophisticated flight planning/replanning functionality consistent with the dynamic planning capability needed in a future Free Flight environment. Below is a brief review of the more relevant efforts.
Cockpit Assistant System - CASSY
For the purposes of this report, the most relevant CASSY module is the Automatic Flight Planner (AFP). This software provides a detailed trajectory, including elapsed time for waypoint passage. Interestingly, the AFP module only requires the pilot to input the destination. The AFP will provide reroutes and alternate landing sites based upon changing weather conditions or the status of aircraft systems, Figure 13.
The AFP provides the crew with a selection of replanning alternatives. Any of these alternative choices can be accepted, modified or ignored. In addition, the AFP periodically updates the flight plan with respect to usable ground-based navigation In Germany there has been a joint effort between the University of the German Armed Forces, Munich and the DASA-Dornier company to develop a knowledge-based Cockpit Assistant System (CASSY) to improve flight safety under instrument flight conditions. Included in CASSY are modules to support Automatic Flight Planning, a Piloting Expert, and Pilot Intent and Error Recognition, see Figure 12. These modules not only develop plans as recommendations to the pilot; they also monitor the pilot’s actions and evaluate hazardous situations that may occur in the environment. Finally, CASSY provides a Dialog Manager for a single interface with the variety of functions that CASSY provides, including the data link interface with ATC regarding modifications to the flight plan.
aids, current wind conditions, and the progress of the flight along the flight plan.
DIVERTER
In the late 1980s, as part of NASA’s Advanced Transport Operations program, the Lockheed Aeronautical Systems Company-Georgia Division worked on decision-support tools to aid pilots in performing flight replanning while airborne. The Lockheed concept/prototype was called “DIVERTER.” The primary emphasis on the DIVERTER program was to compile data from a distributed number of sources, such as present position, fuel, maintenance status of the aircraft, aircraft handbooks, performance data, weather (en route, and relevant terminal areas), instrument approach charts, and applicable Federal Aviation Regulations, to guide the pilots in replanning a flight once an event (i.e., severe weather) would cause the flight crew to consider changing their destination. The primary motivation for the DIVERTER effort was to provide an automated resource that could consider landing alternatives in the light of a diversion requirement and make a replan suggestion to the flight crew in a timely manner.
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