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enough to straighten the nosewheel or tailwheel.
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ENGINE SHUTDOWN
Finally, the pilot should always use the procedures in
the manufacturer’s checklist for shutting down the
engine and securing the airplane. Some of the important
items include:
Set the parking brakes ON.
Set throttle to IDLE or 1,000 r.p.m. If turbocharged,
observe the manufacturer’s spool
down procedure.
Turn ignition switch OFF then ON at idle to
check for proper operation of switch in the OFF
position.
Set propeller control (if equipped) to FULL
INCREASE.
Turn electrical units and radios OFF.
Set mixture control to IDLE CUTOFF.
Turn ignition switch to OFF when engine stops.
Turn master electrical switch to OFF.
Install control lock.
POSTFLIGHT
Aflight is never complete until the engine is shut down
and the airplane is secured. Apilot should consider this
an essential part of any flight.
SECURING AND SERVICING
After engine shutdown and deplaning passengers, the
pilot should accomplish a postflight inspection. This
includes checking the general condition of the aircraft.
For a departure, the oil should be checked and fuel
added if required. If the aircraft is going to be inactive,
it is a good operating practice to fill the tanks to the
top to prevent water condensation from forming.
When the flight is completed for the day, the aircraft
should be hangared or tied down and the flight
controls secured.
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3-1
THE FOUR FUNDAMENTALS
There are four fundamental basic flight maneuvers
upon which all flying tasks are based: straight-andlevel
flight, turns, climbs, and descents. All
controlled flight consists of either one, or a combination
or more than one, of these basic maneuvers. If a student
pilot is able to perform these maneuvers well, and the
student’s proficiency is based on accurate “feel” and
control analysis rather than mechanical movements, the
ability to perform any assigned maneuver will only be
a matter of obtaining a clear visual and mental conception
of it. The flight instructor must impart a good
knowledge of these basic elements to the student, and
must combine them and plan their practice so that
perfect performance of each is instinctive without
conscious effort. The importance of this to the success
of flight training cannot be overemphasized. As the
student progresses to more complex maneuvers,
discounting any difficulties in visualizing the
maneuvers, most student difficulties will be caused by
a lack of training, practice, or understanding of the
principles of one or more of these fundamentals.
EFFECTS AND USE OF THE CONTROLS
In explaining the functions of the controls, the instructor
should emphasize that the controls never change in the
results produced in relation to the pilot. The pilot should
always be considered the center of movement of the airplane,
or the reference point from which the movements
of the airplane are judged and described. The following
will always be true, regardless of the airplane’s attitude
in relation to the Earth.
• When back pressure is applied to the elevator control,
the airplane’s nose rises in relation to the pilot.
• When forward pressure is applied to the elevator
control, the airplane’s nose lowers in relation to the
pilot.
• When right pressure is applied to the aileron control,
the airplane’s right wing lowers in relation to
the pilot.
• When left pressure is applied to the aileron control,
the airplane’s left wing lowers in relation to the
pilot.
• When pressure is applied to the right rudder pedal,
the airplane’s nose moves (yaws) to the right in
relation to the pilot.
• When pressure is applied to the left rudder pedal,
the airplane’s nose moves (yaws) to the left in
relation to the pilot.
The preceding explanations should prevent the
beginning pilot from thinking in terms of “up” or
“down” in respect to the Earth, which is only a relative
state to the pilot. It will also make understanding of the
functions of the controls much easier, particularly
when performing steep banked turns and the more
advanced maneuvers. Consequently, the pilot must be
able to properly determine the control application
required to place the airplane in any attitude or flight
　
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