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altitude maintained. Flying technique must not
be allowed to suffer from the fact that the student’s
attention is diverted. This technique should improve as
the student becomes able to divide attention between
the operation of the airplane controls and following a
designated flightpath.
Shallower
Bank
Shallowest
Bank Steep
Bank
Shallowest
Bank
Steeper
Bank
Steepest
Bank
Figure 6-7. Eights along a road.
Ch 06.qxd 5/7/04 7:35 AM Page 6-10
6-11
EIGHTS ACROSS A ROAD
This maneuver is a variation of eights along a road and
involves the same principles and techniques. The primary
difference is that at the completion of each loop
of the figure eight, the airplane should cross an intersection
of roads or a specific point on a straight road.
[Figure 6-8]
The loops should be across the road and the wind
should be perpendicular to the road. Each time the road
is crossed, the crossing angle should be the same and
the wings of the airplane should be level. The eights
also may be performed by rolling from one bank
immediately to the other, directly over the road.
EIGHTS AROUND PYLONS
This training maneuver is an application of the same
principles and techniques of correcting for wind drift
as used in turns around a point and the same objectives
as other ground track maneuvers. In this case, two
points or pylons on the ground are used as references,
and turns around each pylon are made in opposite
directions to follow a ground track in the form of a
figure 8. [Figure 6-9]
Steeper
Bank
Shallower
Bank
Shallowest
Bank
Steeper
Bank
Shallowest
Bank
Shallower
Bank
Steepest
Bank
Steepest
Bank
Figure 6-8. Eights across a road.
Steeper
Bank
Shallower
Bank
Shallowest
Bank
Steeper
Bank
Shallowest
Bank
Shallower
Bank
Steepest
Bank
Steepest
Bank
Figure 6-9. Eights around pylons.
Ch 06.qxd 5/7/04 7:35 AM Page 6-11
6-12
The pattern involves flying downwind between the
pylons and upwind outside of the pylons. It may
include a short period of straight-and-level flight while
proceeding diagonally from one pylon to the other.
The pylons selected should be on a line 90° to the
direction of the wind and should be in an area away
from communities, livestock, or groups of people, to
avoid possible annoyance or hazards to others. The
area selected should be clear of hazardous obstructions
and other air traffic. Throughout the maneuver a constant
altitude of at least 500 feet above the ground
should be maintained.
The eight should be started with the airplane on a
downwind heading when passing between the pylons.
The distance between the pylons and the wind velocity
will determine the initial angle of bank required to
maintain a constant radius from the pylons during each
turn. The steepest banks will be necessary just after
each turn entry and just before the rollout from each
turn where the airplane is headed downwind and the
groundspeed is greatest; the shallowest banks will be
when the airplane is headed directly upwind and the
groundspeed is least.
The rate of bank change will depend on the wind
velocity, the same as it does in S-turns and turns
around a point, and the bank will be changing continuously
during the turns. The adjustment of the bank
angle should be gradual from the steepest bank to the
shallowest bank as the airplane progressively heads
into the wind, followed by a gradual increase until the
steepest bank is again reached just prior to rollout. If
the airplane is to proceed diagonally from one turn to
the other, the rollout from each turn must be completed
on the proper heading with sufficient wind correction
angle to ensure that after brief straight-and-level flight,
the airplane will arrive at the point where a turn of the
same radius can be made around the other pylon. The
straight-and-level flight segments must be tangent to
both circular patterns.
Common errors in the performance of elementary
eights are:
• Failure to adequately clear the area.
• Poor choice of ground reference points.
• Improper maneuver entry considering wind
direction and ground reference points.
• Incorrect initial bank.
• Poor coordination during turns.
• Gaining or losing altitude.
• Loss of orientation.
• Abrupt rather than smooth changes in bank angle
　
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