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recovery characteristics. Such changes can either
alter or enhance the spin maneuver and/or recovery
characteristics. For example, the addition of weight
in the aft baggage compartment, or additional fuel,
may still permit the airplane to be operated within
CG, but could seriously affect the spin and recovery
characteristics.
An airplane that may be difficult to spin intentionally
in the Utility Category (restricted aft CG and reduced
weight) could have less resistance to spin entry in the
Normal Category (less restricted aft CG and increased
weight). This situation is due to the airplane being able
to generate a higher angle of attack and load factor.
Furthermore, an airplane that is approved for spins in
the Utility Category, but loaded in the Normal
Category, may not recover from a spin that is allowed
to progress beyond the incipient phase.
Common errors in the performance of intentional
spins are:
• Failure to apply full rudder pressure in the desired
spin direction during spin entry.
• Failure to apply and maintain full up-elevator
pressure during spin entry, resulting in a spiral.
• Failure to achieve a fully stalled condition prior to
spin entry.
• Failure to apply full rudder against the spin during
recovery.
• Failure to apply sufficient forward-elevator
pressure during recovery.
• Failure to neutralize the rudder during recovery
after rotation stops, resulting in a possible
secondary spin.
• Slow and overly cautious control movements
during recovery.
• Excessive back-elevator pressure after rotation
stops, resulting in possible secondary stall.
• Insufficient back-elevator pressure during
recovery resulting in excessive airspeed.
Ch 04.qxd 5/7/04 6:47 AM Page 4-16
GENERAL
This chapter discusses takeoffs and departure climbs in
tricycle landing gear (nosewheel-type) airplanes under
normal conditions, and under conditions which require
maximum performance. A thorough knowledge of
takeoff principles, both in theory and practice, will
often prove of extreme value throughout a pilot’s
career. It will often prevent an attempted takeoff that
would result in an accident, or during an emergency,
make possible a takeoff under critical conditions when
a pilot with a less well rounded knowledge and technique
would fail.
The takeoff, though relatively simple, often presents
the most hazards of any part of a flight. The importance
of thorough knowledge and faultless technique and
judgment cannot be overemphasized.
It must be remembered that the manufacturer’s recommended
procedures, including airplane configuration and
airspeeds, and other information relevant to takeoffs and
departure climbs in a specific make and model airplane are
contained in the FAA-approved Airplane Flight Manual
and/or Pilot’s Operating Handbook (AFM/POH) for that
airplane. If any of the information in this chapter differs
from the airplane manufacturer’s recommendations as
contained in the AFM/POH, the airplane manufacturer’s
recommendations take precedence.
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Although the takeoff and climb is one continuous
maneuver, it will be divided into three separate steps
for purposes of explanation: (1) the takeoff roll, (2) the
lift-off, and (3) the initial climb after becoming airborne.
[Figure 5-1]
• Takeoff Roll (ground roll)—the portion of the
takeoff procedure during which the airplane is
accelerated from a standstill to an airspeed that
provides sufficient lift for it to become airborne.
• Lift-off (rotation)—the act of becoming airborne
as a result of the wings lifting the airplane
off the ground or the pilot rotating the nose up,
increasing the angle of attack to start a climb.
• Initial Climb—begins when the airplane leaves
the ground and a pitch attitude has been established
to climb away from the takeoff area.
Normally, it is considered complete when the
airplane has reached a safe maneuvering altitude,
or an en route climb has been established.
5-1
Figure 5-1.Takeoff and climb.
Takeoff
power
Takeoff pitch
attitude
Best climb speed
Safe maneuvering altitude
climb power
En Route
climb
Climb
(3)
Lift-off
(2)
Takeoff
roll
(1)
Ch 05.qxd 5/7/04 7:02 AM Page 5-1
5-2
PRIOR TO TAKEOFF
Before taxiing onto the runway or takeoff area, the
pilot should ensure that the engine is operating properly
　
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