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judging surface conditions, and avoiding large waves
or swell. If it becomes necessary to land at night in a
seaplane, seriously consider landing at a lighted airport.
An emergency landing can be made on a runway
in seaplanes with little or no damage to the floats or
hull. Touchdown is made with the keel of the floats or
hull as nearly parallel to the surface as possible. After
touchdown, apply full back elevator and additional
power to lessen the rapid deceleration and nose-over
tendency. Do not worry about getting stopped with
additional power applied after touchdown. It will stop!
The reason for applying power is to provide additional
airflow over the elevator to help keep the tail down.
In any emergency landing on water, be as prepared as
possible well before the landing. Passengers and crew
should put on their flotation gear and adjust it properly.
People sitting near doors should hold the liferafts
or other emergency equipment in their laps, so no one
will need to try to locate or pick it up in the scramble
to exit the seaplane. Unlatch all the doors prior to
touchdown, so they do not become jammed due to
distortion of the airframe. Brief the passengers thoroughly
on what to do during and after the landing.
These instructions should include how to exit the
seaplane even if they cannot see, how to get to the
surface, and how to use any rescue aids.
POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES
After landing, lower the water rudders and complete
the after-landing checklist. The flaps are usually raised
after landing, both to provide better visibility and to
reduce the effects of wind while taxiing. It is a good
practice to remain at least 50 feet from any other vessel
during the taxi.
After landing, secure the seaplane to allow safe
unloading, as well as to keep winds and currents
from moving it around. Knowing a few basic terms
makes the following discussions easier to understand.
Anchoring uses a heavy hook connected to
the seaplane by a line or cable. This anchor digs
into the bottom due to tension on the line, and keeps
the seaplane from drifting. Mooring means to tie
the seaplane to a fixed structure on the surface. The
seaplane may be moored to a floating buoy, or to a
pier, or to a floating raft. For this discussion, docking
means securing the seaplane to a permanent
structure fixed to the shore. To beach a seaplane
means to pull it up onto a suitable shore surface, so
that its weight is supported by relatively dry ground
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rather than water. Ramping is defined as using a
ramp to get the seaplane out of the water and onto
the shore.
ANCHORING
Anchoring is the easiest way to secure a seaplane on
the water surface. The area selected should be out of
the way of moving vessels, and in water deep enough
that the seaplane will not be left aground during low
tide. The holding characteristics of the bottom are
important in selecting an appropriate anchorage. The
length of the anchor line should be about seven times
the depth of the water. After dropping the anchor with
the seaplane headed into the wind, allow the seaplane
to drift backward to set the anchor. To be sure the
anchor is holding, watch two fixed points somewhere
to the side of the seaplane, one farther away than the
other, that are aligned with each other, such as a tree on
the shore and a mountain in the distance. If they do not
remain aligned, it means that the seaplane is drifting
and dragging its anchor along the bottom. The nautical
term for when two objects appear directly in line, one
behind the other, is “in range” and the two objects are
called a range.
When choosing a place to anchor, think about what will
happen if the wind shifts. Allow enough room so that
the seaplane can swing around the anchor without striking
nearby obstacles or other anchored vessels. Be certain
the water rudders are retracted, as they can
interfere with the seaplane’s ability to respond to wind
shifts.
If anchoring the seaplane overnight or for longer periods
of time, use a heavier anchor and be sure to comply
with maritime regulations for showing an anchor light
or daytime visual signals when required. [Figure 6-8]
When leaving the seaplane anchored for any length of
time, it is a good idea to secure the controls with the
elevator down and rudder neutral. Since the seaplane
can rotate so that it always faces into the wind, this
forces the nose down and reduces the angle of attack,
keeping lift and wind resistance at a minimum.
　
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