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proper preflight planning. A good preflight should
include a review of the proposed route as well as
possible alternate routes; terrain; local, en route, and
destination weather; fuel requirements; facilities
available at the destination; weight and balance; and
takeoff and landing distance requirements.
Obtain a complete weather briefing for each leg, and
file a flight plan with appropriate remarks. For local
flights, always inform someone at home of the area of
operation and the expected time of return if a flight
plan is not filed.
Include good Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)
procedures, such as running a personal minimums
checklist, and think PAVE (Pilot, Aircraft,
Environment, and External Pressures) during the
preflight phase.
Cold weather is implicit in flying a skiplane, so
preflight planning must also include preparations
for possible contingencies unique to cold weather
operations. This is especially important for flights
in bush country, where facilities are scarce and
emergency assistance may be limited or nonexistent.
Evaluate all passengers’ clothing for suitability in the
conditions expected. Consider the passenger when
making this evaluation. Children and older people need
more protection from the environment than a middleaged
person in good health. Every occupant should be
dressed for a long walk, including adequate boots or
rubber-bottomed shoes and an arctic parka. Sunglasses
are highly recommended, even on cloudy days. Pilots
can be blinded by the brightness of the snow, and glare
can destroy depth perception.
Survival equipment is required by some states and
countries, and many areas require specific items for
even the shortest local flights. The requirements usually
vary between winter and summer months. Be sure
to check the current requirements for the particular
jurisdiction. Beyond the minimum requirements, use
good judgment to select and carry any other equipment
that could help occupants survive an unplanned stay in
the specific terrain and environmental conditions along
the route of flight. Always consider means of providing
warmth, shelter, water, and food; methods of
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• Hardware—Inspect the condition and security
of the clamping bolts, cotter keys, diaper pins,
limiting cables, and bungees. Be sure cables and
bungees are adjusted properly.
• Retracting Mechanism—(if equipped)—Check
the hydraulic fluid level and examine the
hydraulic lines for leaks. Inspect all cables for
fraying and check cable ends for security. Do not
cycle the retracting mechanism while on the
ground.
• Ski Freedom—Be sure the skis are free to move
and are not frozen to the surface. If the ambient
temperature approaches the melting point, the
skis can be freed easily. Gentle swinging of the
tail at the rear fuselage, or rocking the airplane at
the struts may free the skis. If this does not work,
dig the skis out.
• Tire Pressure—Check the tire pressure when
using skis that depend on the tires for shock
absorption, as well as for combination skis. This
is especially important if moving a skiplane from
a warm hangar to cold temperatures outdoors, as
tires typically lose one pound of pressure for
every ten-degree drop in ambient temperature.
• Tailwheel—Check the tailwheel spring and tail
ski for security, cracks, and signs of failure.
Without a tail ski, the entire tailwheel and rudder
assembly can be easily damaged.
• Fuel Sump—During fuel sump checks, sometimes
moisture can freeze a drain valve open,
allowing fuel to continue to drain. Ice inside the
fuel tank could break loose in flight and block
fuel lines causing fuel starvation. If the manufacturer
recommends the use of anti-icing additives
for the fuel system during cold weather operations,
follow the ratio and mixing instructions
exactly.
• Survival Equipment—Check that all required
survival equipment is on board and in good condition.
STARTING
Adequately preheat the engine, battery, and the cockpit
instruments before startup and departure. Sometimes
engine oil may require heating separately. Check the
manufacturer’s recommendation for starting the
engine when ambient temperatures are below freezing.
Batteries require special consideration. In cold climates
a strong, fully charged battery is needed. With just a little
cold-soaking, the engine may require three times the
usual amperage to crank the engine.
　
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