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rudder movement will usually break the skis free if
they begin to stick during a slow taxi. Use a short
blast of power to create more airflow over the tail. A
thin coat of engine oil or non-stick cooking spray also
prevents sticking if the bottoms of the skis are easily
accessed.
At some snow-covered airports, airport managers or
fixed base operators spray red or purple dye onto taxi
routes and snow banks as visual aids. They may even
imbed pine boughs in the snow at regular intervals to
help define taxiways and runways or mark hazardous
areas. These helpful aids simplify ground operations
and improve safety.
TAKEOFFS
Since skiplanes operate from a variety of surfaces, it is
important to remember that many takeoff areas can
contain unforeseen hazards; therefore, it is important to
always plan for the unexpected.
If the condition of the takeoff path is unknown, walk
or taxi the full length of the takeoff area and back to
check the surface for hazards and help pack the snow.
It is better to discover any irregularities before
attempting a takeoff than to encounter them at high
speeds during takeoff.
Most takeoff distances are greater on snow than for
wheel-equipped airplanes on cleared runways and
other hard surfaces. On wet or powder snow, two or
three times the normal distance may be required. Be
sure to remove any frost or crusted snow from the skis
before takeoff. Such accumulations increase drag and
weight, resulting in a greater takeoff distance.
Select a takeoff direction that provides an adequate
distance to lift off and clear any obstructions. Use
headwinds or a downhill slope for takeoff when
possible to ensure best performance. When turning into
the wind, keep moving and turn in a wide arc. Trying to
turn too sharply can cause a ski to dig in, resulting in a
groundloop or noseover.
Plan and configure for a soft-field takeoff. Soft-field
procedures are recommended because the lack of
contrast and surface detail or glare off snow or ice
may hide possible hazards. Undetected drifts or soft
sticky spots can cause sudden deceleration and even
a possible noseover.
Direction
of Movement
Figure 7-5. Crosswind taxi.
Ch 07.qxd 8/25/04 11:20 AM Page 7-5
7-6
When lining up to depart, have the skiplane configured
properly and keep moving. Do not stop before adding
takeoff power because the skiplane may settle into soft
snow and limit acceleration. If this happens, it may be
necessary to taxi the takeoff path again to pack the
snow.
Crosswind takeoffs require the standard procedures and
techniques. Be aware that the skiplane may be sliding
in a crab during takeoff acceleration. On glaze ice an
increase in lateral drift may be seen on takeoff.
OFF-AIRPORT LANDING SITES
Landings on unprepared areas can be accomplished
safely if the proper precautions are followed.
Evaluating each new landing site thoroughly, obtaining
advice from well-qualified pilots already familiar with
the area, and staying within the limitations of personal
skill and experience can all contribute to safety and
reduce risks.
GLACIERS
There are a number of factors that must be considered
when operating from glaciers. There can be
many hidden hazards.
The first consideration is the condition of the snow and
its suitability for landing. To evaluate a new area, fly
downhill with the skis on the surface, just touching the
snow, as slowly as possible above stall speed. This
helps determine the snow condition. If unsure of the
quality of the snowpack, look for a gentle slope and
land up the slope or hill. This situation will allow the
airplane to accelerate easily on a downslope takeoff.
If the slope angle of the landing area is very steep,
always evaluate the area for the possibility of an avalanche.
Avoid landing near the bottom of a valley
because ice falls may exist and provide rough and
unusable terrain.
Glaciers are very deceptive. It is advisable to train with
an experienced glacier pilot and become comfortable
before departing alone. Use extreme caution, as just a
few clouds overhead can totally change the picture of
the intended landing area.
LAKES AND RIVERS
Snow-covered frozen lakes and rivers can provide a
number of obstacles. Wind causes snow to form into
ripple-shaped wind drifts. Wind also breaks snow into
smaller particles, which bond quickly together to form
solid ridges. These ridges can be so rough that they can
damage or destroy the landing gear and skiplane. The
best plan is to land parallel to ridge rows, even if there
　
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