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decreased below the tension of the spring or bungee,
the ski will pitch back into place and the control problem
will go away. Have a maintenance shop correctly
adjust the spring or bungee tension and avoid exceeding
the speed limits specified for the skis.
A precautionary landing may be necessary for events
such as a broken ski cable or broken hydraulic line. If a
ski cable breaks, the front of the ski will tip down. This
creates an asymmetrical drag situation, similar to a
large speed brake on one side of the skiplane. This condition
is controllable; however, it will take skill to
maintain control. Not only does the tilted ski create a
lot of drag, it also complicates the landing, since the
front of the ski will dig in as it contacts the surface,
causing abrupt deceleration and severe damage to the
landing gear. If efforts to get the ski into a streamlined
position fail, a landing should be made as soon
as practical.
To attempt to streamline the ski, slow to maneuvering
speed or less. It may be possible for a passenger to use a
long rod such as a broom handle to push down on the
back end of the ski, aligning it with the airflow and making
possible a relatively normal landing. If the skis are
retractable, try to ensure that they are both in the UP position
(for a pavement landing) and land on pavement.
If it is not possible to get the ski to trail correctly, the
skiplane must be landed in such a way as to minimize
danger to the occupants. This usually means trying to
land so that the hanging ski breaks off quickly rather
than digging in and possibly destroying the skiplane. Fly
to an area where help is available, since damage is virtually
inevitable. It is often best to land on a hard surface
to increase the chances of the ski breaking away.
With a broken hydraulic line, a condition of one ski up
and one ski down may develop. Again, the skiplane is
controllable with proper rudder and braking technique.
NIGHT EMERGENCY LANDING
A night landing should never be attempted at an unfamiliar
location except in an emergency. To increase
the likelihood of a successful landing, perform the
checklist appropriate for the emergency, and unlatch
the doors prior to landing to prevent jamming due to
airframe distortion in the event of a hard landing. If
time permits, make distress calls and activate the
emergency locator transmitter (ELT).
When selecting a landing area, frozen lakes and rivers
are a good choice if the ice is thick enough to support
the aircraft. If the ice is thin or the thickness unknown,
a landing in an open field would be a better option.
After selecting a landing area, perform a reconnaissance
and look for obstructions, field condition, wind
direction, and snow conditions if possible. Fly over the
landing area in the intended direction of touchdown and
drop glow sticks 2 seconds apart along the length of the
touchdown zone. Use the glow sticks to aid in depth perception
during final approach. Make the touchdown
with power, if available, and as slow as possible.
Figure 7-7. Supporting the skis above the surface prevents
them from freezing in place.
Ch 07.qxd 8/25/04 11:20 AM Page 7-8
8-1
OPERATIONS IN OPEN SEAS
Open sea operations are very risky and should be
avoided if possible. If an open sea landing cannot be
avoided, a thorough reconnaissance and evaluation of
the conditions must be performed to ensure safety. The
sea usually heaves in a complicated crisscross pattern
of swells of various magnitudes, overlaid by whatever
chop the wind is producing. A relatively smooth spot
may be found where the cross swells are less turbulent.
Both a high and a low reconnaissance are necessary
for accurate evaluation of the swell systems, winds,
and surface conditions.
DEFINITIONS
When performing open sea operations, it is important
to know and understand some basic ocean terms.
A thorough knowledge of these definitions allows
the pilot to receive and understand sea condition
reports from other aircraft, surface vessels, and
weather services.
Fetch—An area where wind is generating waves on
the water surface. Also the distance the waves have
been driven by the wind blowing in a constant direction
without obstruction.
Sea—Waves generated by the existing winds in the
area. These wind waves are typically a chaotic mix of
heights, periods, and wavelengths. Sometimes the term
refers to the condition of the surface resulting from
both wind waves and swells.
Swell—Waves that persist outside the fetch or in the
　
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