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altitude increase, the CAS becomes higher than it should be,
and a correction for compression must be subtracted from
the CAS.
G-7
Expect-further-clearance (EFC). The time a pilot can
expect to receive clearance beyond a clearance limit.
FAA. Federal Aviation Administration.
FAF. See final approach fix.
False horizon. Inaccurate visual information for aligning the
aircraft, caused by various natural and geometric formations
that disorient the pilot from the actual horizon.
Federal airways. Class E airspace areas that extend upward
from 1,200 feet to, but not including, 18,000 feet MSL, unless
otherwise specified.
Feeder facilities. Used by ATC to direct aircraft to
intervening fixes between the en route structure and the
initial approach fix.
Final approach. Part of an instrument approach
procedure in which alignment and descent for landing are
accomplished.
Final approach fix (FAF). The fix from which the IFR
final approach to an airport is executed, and which identifies
the beginning of the final approach segment. An FAF is
designated on government charts by a Maltese cross symbol
for nonprecision approaches, and a lightning bolt symbol for
precision approaches.
Fixating. Staring at a single instrument, thereby interrupting
the cross-check process.
FL. See flight level.
Flight configurations. Adjusting the aircraft control surfaces
(including flaps and landing gear) in a manner that will
achieve a specified attitude.
Flight director indicator (FDI). One of the major components
of a flight director system, it provides steering commands that
the pilot (or the autopilot, if coupled) follows.
Flight level (FL). A measure of altitude (in hundreds of feet)
used by aircraft flying above 18,000 feet with the altimeter
set at 29.92" Hg.
Flight management system (FMS). Provides pilot and crew
with highly accurate and automatic long-range navigation
capability, blending available inputs from long- and shortrange
sensors.
Flight path. The line, course, or track along which an aircraft
is flying or is intended to be flown.
Flight patterns. Basic maneuvers, flown by reference to the
instruments rather than outside visual cues, for the purpose
of practicing basic attitude flying. The patterns simulate
maneuvers encountered on instrument flights such as holding
patterns, procedure turns, and approaches.
Flight strips. Paper strips containing instrument flight
information, used by ATC when processing flight plans.
FMS. See flight management system.
Form drag. The drag created because of the shape of a
component or the aircraft.
Fundamental skills. Pilot skills of instrument cross-check,
instrument interpretation, and aircraft control.
Glide slope (GS). Part of the ILS that projects a radio beam
upward at an angle of approximately 3° from the approach
end of an instrument runway. The glide slope provides
vertical guidance to aircraft on the final approach course for
the aircraft to follow when making an ILS approach along
the localizer path.
Glide slope intercept altitude. The minimum altitude of an
intermediate approach segment prescribed for a precision
approach that ensures obstacle clearance.
Global landing system (GLS). An instrument approach with
lateral and vertical guidance with integrity limits (similar to
barometric vertical navigation (BRO VNAV).
Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). Satellite
navigation systems that provide autonomous geo-spatial
positioning with global coverage. It allows small electronic
receivers to determine their location (longitude, latitude, and
altitude) to within a few meters using time signals transmitted
along a line of sight by radio from satellites.
GNSS. See global navigation satellite systems.
Global positioning system (GPS). Navigation system
that uses satellite rather than ground-based transmitters for
location information.
G-8
Goniometer. As used in radio frequency (RF) antenna
systems, a direction-sensing device consisting of two fixed
loops of wire oriented 90° from each other, which separately
sense received signal strength and send those signals to two
rotors (also oriented 90°) in the sealed direction-indicating
instrument. The rotors are attached to the direction-indicating
needle of the instrument and rotated by a small motor until
minimum magnetic field is sensed near the rotors.
GPS. See global positioning system.
GPS Approach Overlay Program. An authorization for
pilots to use GPS avionics under IFR for flying designated
existing nonprecision instrument approach procedures, with
　
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