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2,000' horizontal
None
Workload
permitting
Instrument
approaches
Weather
Prior two-way
communications*
Student
certificate
Yes*
N/A
1 statute mile†
Clear of clouds†
None
Workload
permitting
Control tower
AGL—above ground level
FL—flight level
MSL—mean sea level
Figure 8-1. Airspace Classifications.
8-4
gunnery, or guided missiles). IFR flights may be authorized
to transit the airspace and are routed accordingly. Penetration
of restricted areas without authorization from the using
or controlling agency may be extremely hazardous to the
aircraft and its occupants. ATC facilities apply the following
procedures when aircraft are operating on an IFR clearance
(including those cleared by ATC to maintain visual flight
rules (VFR)-On-Top) via a route that lies within joint-use
restricted airspace:
1. If the restricted area is not active and has been released
to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the
ATC facility will allow the aircraft to operate in the
restricted airspace without issuing specific clearance
for it to do so.
2. If the restricted area is active and has not been
released to the FAA, the ATC facility will issue a
clearance which will ensure the aircraft avoids the
restricted airspace.
Restricted areas are charted with an “R” followed by a
number (e.g., “R-5701”) and are depicted on the en route
chart appropriate for use at the altitude or FL being flown.
Warning areas are similar in nature to restricted areas;
however, the United States government does not have sole
jurisdiction over the airspace. A warning area is airspace of
defined dimensions, extending from 12 NM outward from
the coast of the United States, containing activity that may
be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft. The purpose of
such areas is to warn nonparticipating pilots of the potential
danger. A warning area may be located over domestic or
international waters or both. The airspace is designated with
a “W” followed by a number (e.g., “W-123”).
Military operations areas (MOAs) consist of airspace with
defined vertical and lateral limits established for the purpose
of separating certain military training activities from IFR
traffic. Whenever an MOA is being used, nonparticipating
IFR traffic may be cleared through an MOA if IFR separation
can be provided by ATC. Otherwise, ATC will reroute or
restrict nonparticipating IFR traffic. MOAs are depicted on
sectional, VFR terminal area, and en route low altitude charts
and are not numbered (e.g., “Boardman MOA”).
Alert areas are depicted on aeronautical charts with an
“A” followed by a number (e.g., “A-123”) to inform
nonparticipating pilots of areas that may contain a high
volume of pilot training or an unusual type of aerial activity.
Pilots should exercise caution in alert areas. All activity
within an alert area shall be conducted in accordance with
regulations, without waiver, and pilots of participating
aircraft, as well as pilots transiting the area, shall be equally
responsible for collision avoidance.
Military Training Routes (MTRs) are routes used by military
aircraft to maintain proficiency in tactical flying. These routes
are usually established below 10,000 feet MSL for operations
at speeds in excess of 250 knots. Some route segments may
be defined at higher altitudes for purposes of route continuity.
Routes are identified as IFR (IR), and VFR (VR), followed by
a number. MTRs with no segment above 1,500 feet AGL are
identified by four number characters (e.g., IR1206, VR1207,
etc.). MTRs that include one or more segments above 1,500
feet AGL are identified by three number characters (e.g.,
IR206, VR207). IFR Low Altitude En Route Charts depict
all IR routes and all VR routes that accommodate operations
above 1,500 feet AGL. IR routes are conducted in accordance
with IFR regardless of weather conditions.
Temporary flight restrictions (TFRs) are put into effect
when traffic in the airspace would endanger or hamper air
or ground activities in the designated area. For example, a
forest fire, chemical accident, flood, or disaster-relief effort
could warrant a TFR, which would be issued as a Notice to
Airmen (NOTAM).
National Security Areas (NSAs) consist of airspace with
defined vertical and lateral dimensions established at
locations where there is a requirement for increased security
and safety of ground facilities. Flight in NSAs may be
　
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