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information to determine the possibility of hydroplaning.
Rain reported as light - Dynamic hydroplaning unlikely, viscous and reverted hydroplaning are
possible.
Rain reported as moderate - All types of hydroplaning are possible. Smooth tires will likely
hydroplane.
Rain reported as heavy - Hydroplaning will occur.
GULFSTREAM AEROSPACE
GIV AIRPLANE FLIGHT MANUAL
ADVERSE WEATHER/ABNORMAL
ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS
APPENDIX E
FAA APPROVED E-39
13 September 2000 GIV-SP
Hydroplaning occurs when the coefficient of friction between the tires and runway is reduced by
some form of fluid. The major factors in determining when an airplane will hydroplane are
ground speed, tire pressure and surface water depth. To a lesser degree the runway surface
texture, type of tire, and tread depth influence the tire hydroplaning speed. Hydroplaning falls
into three classifications: Dynamic, Viscous, and Reverted Rubber.
Hydroplaning reduces the effectiveness of nose wheel steering and consequently the ability of the
pilot to cope with crosswinds.
DYNAMIC HYDROPLANING
Dynamic hydroplaning occurs gradually as a wedge of water builds up pressure between the tires
and the pavement. Under conditions of total dynamic hydroplaning, the tires lose contact with the
runway. A non-rotating tire during landing may not spin up at touchdown or the rolling
(unbraked) tire on the runway may slow in rotation and actually come to a stop. Under these
conditions the coefficient of friction is reduced to zero making wheel braking, tire cornering, and
steering totally ineffective. Once total dynamic hydroplaning begins, it may continue after the
tire speed decreases.
VISCOUS HYDROPLANING
Viscous hydroplaning occurs at lower speeds than dynamic hydroplaning on runways with
smooth surface texture or made smooth by rubber deposits or runway marking paint. This type
of hydroplaning may perpetuate itself at low speeds if the thin water layer is not broken by an
irregular surface. Dew can produce viscous hydroplaning conditions on very smooth pavement
resulting in a viscous film that acts as a lubricant.
REVERTED RUBBER HYDROPLANING
Reverted rubber hydroplaning is caused by a skid which boils water on the runway, causing
heated rubber to revert to its natural latex state sealing tire grooves which prevents water
dispersal. This type of hydroplaning results near zero braking coefficients and has been known
to continue almost to the point of zero ground speed.
GULFSTREAM AEROSPACE
GIV AIRPLANE FLIGHT MANUAL
ADVERSE WEATHER/ABNORMAL
ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS
APPENDIX E
E-40 FAA APPROVED
GIV-SP 13 September 2000
HOT WEATHER OPERATION
Hot weather operation generally means operation in a hot, humid atmosphere. High ambient
temperatures on the ground have important effects on performance, crew and operating
efficiency. High temperatures, alone or coupled with high humidity or blowing sand and dust,
will complicate normal operations. Proper protection and inspection of the airplane while it is on
the ground, and observance of the precautions covered in this section, will assure the most
successful operation. High humidity usually results in the condensation of moisture throughout
the airplane, which can result in malfunctioning of electrical and electronic equipment, fogging
of instruments, and growth of fungi in vital areas of the airplane. Further results may be
pollution of lubricants, hydraulic fluid, and fuel. The procedures essential to operation under
such conditions are given in the following paragraphs. These procedures are in addition to the
normal operating procedures.
BEFORE ENTERING THE AIRPLANE
Attention should be given to takeoff distance and range.
Look for the presence of corrosion or fungus at joints, hinge points, and similar locations. If
corrosion or fungus is found, have it cleaned off.
Check for hydraulic leaks, as heat and moisture may cause seals and packings to swell.
Inspect the gear struts for cleanliness. Use a cloth to wipe the gear strut extension clean. Inspect
the tires for proper inflation.
Remove all protective covers and shields.
NOTE: Examine performance data thoroughly to determine the adverse effects of high
temperature on airplane performance.
GULFSTREAM AEROSPACE
GIV AIRPLANE FLIGHT MANUAL
ADVERSE WEATHER/ABNORMAL
ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS
APPENDIX E
FAA APPROVED E-41
13 September 2000 GIV-SP
BEFORE STARTING ENGINES
If instruments, equipment, and controls are coated with moisture, wipe them dry with a clean,
soft cloth. Use ground heat if necessary to dry them.
To achieve better cabin cooling during ground operation, it is recommended that APU be used as
　
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