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HRW [ m ] runway elevation above sea level
i [ – ] counter or iteration number
igs [ μA ] glideslope current (ILS)
Ii [ kgm2 ] inertia coefficient (i = 1, 2, . . . , 6, see table 2.2)
iloc [ μA ] localizer current (ILS)
Ix [ kgm2 ] moment of inertia along XB-axis
Iy [ kgm2 ] moment of inertia along YB-axis
Iz [ kgm2 ] moment of inertia along ZB-axis
Jxy [ kgm2 ] product of inertia in XBYB-plane
Jxz [ kgm2 ] product of inertia in XBZB-plane
Jyz [ kgm2 ] product of inertia in YBZB-plane
k [ – ] time-step for discrete systems, t  kts
K... gain factors for autopilot model, see table 14.3
L [ Nm ] total rolling moment, see figure 2.1
L [ N ] total aerodynamic lift
Lg [ m ] general scale length for atmospheric turbulence
Lu [ m ] scale length for turbulence velocity along XB-axis
Lv [ m ] scale length for turbulence velocity along YB-axis
Lw [ m ] scale length for turbulence velocity along ZB-axis
m [ kg ] mass of the aircraft
M [ – ] Mach number
M [ Nm ] total pitching moment, see figure 2.1
Ma [ kg kmol−1 ] molecular weight of the air
M0 [ kg kmol−1 ] molecular weight of the air at sea level
n [ RPM ] engine speed
N [ Nm ] total yawing moment, see figure 2.1
p [ rad s−1 ] angular rate of roll, see figure 2.1
P [ Nms−1 ] engine power
A.1. List of symbols 287
Pl , Pm,
Pn, Ppp,
Ppq, Ppr,
Pqq, Pqr,
Prr
9>>>>=
>>>>;
inertia coefficients for p-equation, see table 2.2
ps [ Nm−2 ] ambient or free-stream pressure
pz [ 00Hg ] manifold pressure
q [ rad s−1 ] angular rate of pitch, see figure 2.1
qc [ Nm−2 ] impact pressure
qdyn [ Nm−2 ] dynamic pressure
Ql , Qm,
Qn, Qpp,
Qpq, Qpr,
Qqq, Qqr,
Qrr
9>>>>=
>>>>;
inertia coefficients for q-equation, see table 2.2
r [ rad s−1 ] angular rate or yaw, see figure 2.1
R [ JK−1kg−1 ] Ra/M0, specific gas constant of air
Ra [ JK−1kmol−1 ] universal gas constant
Rc [ − ] Reynolds number with respect to c
Re [ m−1 ] Reynolds number per unit length
Rgs [ m ] ground distance from aircraft to glideslope transmitter (ILS)
Rloc [ m ] ground distance from aircraft to localizer transmitter (ILS)
Rl , Rm,
Rn, Rpp,
Rpq, Rpr,
Rqq, Rqr,
Rrr
9>>>>=
>>>>;
inertia coefficients for r-equation, see table 2.2
S [ m2 ] wing area
Sgs [ μArad−1 ] sensitivity of the glideslope system (ILS)
Sloc [ μArad−1 ] sensitivity of the localizer system (ILS)
t [ s ] time
ts [ s ] sampling time (step-width for discrete systems)
T [ K ] ambient or free-stream temperature
Tt [ K ] total temperature
u [ ms−1 ] velocity component along XB-axis
ug [ ms−1 ] component of the turbulence velocity along XB-axis
uw [ ms−1 ] wind velocity component along XB-axis
uwe [ ms−1 ] wind velocity component along XE-axis
v [ ms−1 ] velocity component along YB-axis
vg [ ms−1 ] component of the turbulence velocity along YB-axis
vw [ ms−1 ] wind velocity component along YB-axis
vwe [ ms−1 ] wind velocity component along XE-axis
V [ ms−1 ] true airspeed, see figure 2.1
Vc [ ms−1 ] calibrated airspeed
Ve [ ms−1 ] equivalent airspeed
Vw [ ms−1 ] wind velocity
Vw9.15 [ ms−1 ] wind velocity at 9.15 m altitude (reference velocity)
VDda [ V ] command signal to actuators (change in deflection of the ailerons)
VDde [ V ] command signal to actuators (change in elevator deflection)
VDdr [ V ] command signal to actuators (change in rudder deflection)
w [ ms−1 ] velocity component along ZB-axis
w1,w2,w3 [ − ] independent white noise signals
288 Appendix A. Symbols and definitions
wg [ ms−1 ] component of the turbulence velocity along ZB-axis
ww [ ms−1 ] wind velocity component along ZB-axis
wwe [ ms−1 ] wind velocity component along XE-axis
W [ N ] aircraft weight
Xa [ N ] aerodynamic force along XB-axis
xe [ m ] X-coordinate in Earth-fixed reference frame FE
xf [ m ] X-coordinate in runway-fixed reference frame FF
Xgr [ N ] gravity force along XB-axis
Xp [ N ] propulsive force along XB-axis
Ya [ N ] aerodynamic force along YB-axis
ye [ m ] Y-coordinate in Earth-fixed reference frame FE
yf [ m ] Y-coordinate in runway-fixed reference frame FF
Ygr [ N ] gravity force along YB-axis
Yp [ N ] propulsive force along YB-axis
Za [ N ] aerodynamic force along ZB-axis
　
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