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VOR related to VOR signals
w wind velocity and wind velocity components along body axes
wind force components due to non-steady atmosphere
we wind velocity components along Earth axes
a stability derivative with respect to angle of attack
a2 stability derivative with respect to a2
a3 stability derivative with respect to a3
adf stability derivative with respect to adf
a dpt2 stability derivative with respect to a dpt2
a2dpt stability derivative with respect to a2dpt
b stability derivative with respect to sideslip angle
b2 stability derivative with respect to b2
b3 stability derivative with respect to b3
˙b
stability derivative with respect to non-dimensional sideslip rate
da stability derivative with respect to deflection of ailerons
daa stability derivative with respect to daa
de stability derivative with respect to deflection of elevator
deb2 stability derivative with respect to deb2
df stability derivative with respect to deflection of flaps
dr stability derivative with respect to deflection of rudder
dra stability derivative with respect to dra
A.6 Abbreviations
AFCS Automatic Flight Control System
ALH Altitude Hold mode of the autopilot
ALS Altitude Select mode of the autopilot
CACSD Computer Aided Control System Design
CAS Calibrated Airspeed
CD Course Datum
c.g. center of gravity
DHC De Havilland of Canada Ltd.
DME Distance Measuring Equipment (radio-navigation)
A.7. Reference frames and sign conventions 291
DUT Delft University of Technology
FCC Flight Control Computer
FCS Flight Control System
FDC Flight Dynamics and Control
GA Go Around mode of autopilot
GPS Global Positioning System (satellite navigation)
GS Glideslope mode of autopilot
HH Heading Hold / Heading Select mode of the autopilot
IAS Indicated Airspeed
ILS Instrument Landing System (radio-navigation)
IRS Inertial Reference System
LOC Localizer mode of the autopilot
MLS Microwave Landing System (radio-navigation)
NAV VOR Navigation mode of the autopilot
NDB Non-Directional Beacon (radio-navigation)
PAH Pitch Attitude Hold mode of the autopilot
ODE Ordinary Differential Equation
RAH Roll Attitude Hold mode of the autopilot
STOL Short Take-off and Landing
TAS True Airspeed
VOR Very high frequency Omnidirectional Range
VTOL Vertical Take-off and Landing
A.7 Reference frames and sign conventions
A.7.1 Definitions
Many different reference frames have been used throughout this report. The most
important onces have been listed below:
Body-fixed reference frame FB: This is a right-handed orthogonal reference system
which has its origin OB in the center of gravity of the aircraft. The XBOBZB plane
coincides with the aircraft’s plane of symmetry if it is symmetrical, or it is located
in a plane, approximating what would be the plane of symmetry if it is not [14].
The XB-axis is directed toward the nose of the aircraft, the YB-axis points to the
right wing (‘starboard’), and the ZB-axis points toward the bottom of the aircraft.
Stability reference frame FS: This is a special body-fixed reference frame, used in
the study of small deviations from a nominal flight condition. The reference
frames FB and FS differ in the orientation of their respective X-axes. The XS-axis
is chosen parallel to the projection of the true airspeed vector V on the OBXBZBplane
(if the aircraft is symmetrical this is the plane of symmetry), or parallel to
V itself in case of a symmetrical nominal flight condition. The YS-axis coincides
with the YB-axis.
Flight-path or wind reference frame FW: This reference frame, also called the wind
reference frame, has its origin in the center of gravity of the aircraft. The XW-axis
is aligned with the velocity vector of the aircraft and the ZW-axis coincides with
the ZS-axis.
Earth-fixed reference frame FE: This reference frame, also called the topodetic reference
frame [14] is a right-handed orthogonal system which is considered to be
292 Appendix A. Symbols and definitions
fixed in space. Its origin can be placed at an arbitrary position, but will be chosen
to coincide with the aircraft’s center of gravity at the start of a flight test manoeuvre.
The ZE-axis points downwards, parallel to the local direction of gravity. The
XE-axis is directed to the North, the YE-axis to the East.
Vehicle-carried vertical reference system FV: This reference system has its origin at
the center of gravity of the aircraft. The XV-axis is directed to the North, the YVaxis
to the East, and the ZV-axis points downwards (along the local direction of
gravity). These reference axes are always parallel to the Earth-fixed reference axes,
　
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