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Shutdowns， as well asstartups， require care and attention. Shutdown of aunit， which has been operating in a humid atmosphere， can result in con-siderable condensation and subsequent rusting of thegears， shaftjournals，and housing in a very short time. When water contacts cleansteel， it begins to etch the steel immediately. When shutdowns in such conditions arenecessary， provisions to prevent condensation must be furnished.
Under normal operating conditions， the oil should be changed every2，500operating hours or every six months， whichever occurs first. Where oper-ating conditions warrant， this period may be extended. conversely， severe operating conditions may make it necessary to change oil at more frequent intervals. Such conditions may occur with the rapid rise and fall in tempera-ture， which produces condensation， when operating in moist or dusty atmo-spheres， or in the presence of chemical fumes. In anycase， the lubrication supplier should be consulted when determining a lubricant maintenance program. It may be necessary to analyze the oil periodically until a reason-able program can be established.
.ibliography
AGMA211.02， ..Surface .urability (Pitting) of Helical and Herringbone Gear
Teeth，..Washington，..C.， 1969.AGMA390.03， ..GearClassification，Materials， and Measuring Methods of
UnassernbledGears，..GearHandbook，Vol.1，Washington，..C.， 1973.
API613， Special PurpoSe Gear UnitSfor RefineryServiceS， 2ndedition， Washing-ton，..C.， 1977.
API617， Centrifugal CompreSSorS for General RefineryServiceS，Washington，..C.， 1979.
Partridge，..R.， ..High-Speed Gears-.esign andApplication，.. Proceedings of the6th TurbomachinerySymposium， Texas A&MUniversity， .ecember1977， pp. 133-142.
Phinney，..M.， ..Selection and Application of High-Speed Gear.rives，..Proceedings of the 1st TurbomachinerySymposium， Texas A&MUniversity，October1972， pp. 62-66.
Part V

Installation，Operation， and Maintenance
Lubrication

For reliable turbomachine performance， it is vital to have a properlydesigned， installed， operated， and maintained lubrication system. The lubri-cation system ofa turbomachine is the ""lifeblood""for this complex and finelytuned piece ofmachinery. The oil must be pumped in continuous circulation，conditioned， drained， and returned to be pumped again. In some units thereare independent and dedicated turbine lubeoil， compressor lubeoil， and turbine control oil systems. There are combined systems with turbine lube oiland control oil from one system and compressor lube oil fromanother， or with turbine and compressor lube oil from one system and turbine control oilfrom another. In mostcases， one system will supply all lube and control oil.
This chapter deals with the principles involved in the operation and main-tenanceofalubricationsystem，anditdescribesthemaincomponentsofsuchasystem， including the lubricant itself. The following topics are discussed:
1.
Basic oil system

2.
Lubricant selection

3.
Oil sampling and testing

4.
Oil contamination

5.
Filter selection

6.
Cleaning and flushing

7.
Coupling lubrication

Basic Oil System
API Standard 614 covers in detail the minimum requirements for lubrica-tionsystems， oil-type shaft-sealing systems， and control-oil supply systems for special-purpose applications.
541
Lubrication Oil System
A typical lubrication oil system is shown in Figure 15-1. Oil is stored in areservoir to feed the pumps and is then cooled， filtered， distributed to the endusers， and returned to the reservoir. The reservoir can be heated for startuppurposes and is provided with local temperature indication， a high-tempera-ture alarm and high/low level alarm in the controlroom， a sight glass， and a controlled dry nitrogen purge blanket to minimize moisture intake.

　
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