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5.3.2.9  Case studies. Video scenarios of accidents and incidents are very effective. Replays of actual cockpit voice recordings are particularly dramatic and effective, if available.
5.3.2.10 LOFT. LOFT should be used if at all possible. In LOFT exercises, videotaping is important for maximum effectiveness. Note that there may be a requirement to erase the tape after use in the debriefing.
5.3.2.11 Structural observations. This technique involves the use of examples, through videotapes, lectures, etc., that encourage the trainee to look for similar things in the real world. For example, in the teaching of listening skills, trainees can be asked to look for misunderstandings caused by the failure of participants to listen actively.
5.3.2.12 Classroom instruction. This technique is mainly used in the early stages of training and usually decreases as more group activities are introduced. Lectures are a good vehicle for establishing common semantics, organizational culture, etc.
5.3.2.13 Computer-assisted training. Two advantages of computer-assisted instruction are that it can be performed at the individual's own pace, and that it is interactive with the trainee.

 

6  CRM Effectiveness
6.1  Introduction
There is sufficient evidence supporting the effectiveness of CRM to warrant its use in the training environment. This conclusion is based upon several types of evidence. First, the programmes have a high degree of validity. That is, they reflect sound operating principles and are focused on areas of known weaknesses as supported by accident/incident data. Second, the skills which are targeted for improvement in these programmes and the means to achieve that improvement have been incorporated into effective programmes already in use in other areas, such as business management. Third, feedback from pilots, training management, check pilots and others in the training community supports the need for and the effectiveness of CRM programmes. Fourth, objective data, although very limited in scope, is encouraging. United Airlines, which has one of the more established and fully integrated programmes, has reported improvements in a number of areas, including training and checking.

6.2  Scientific evaluation of individuals
As yet, no large-scale scientific evaluation has been carried out on individuals. The reason is that the performances of individual crew members have to be not only assessed but also recorded; a practice contrary to the requisite confidentiality in effective CRM training. In other words, a checking-type environment would be created or perceived.

6.3  Operator formal assessments
6.3.1  A formal evaluation of CRM effectiveness should be incorporated as part of the programme. It must be stressed that such evaluations must maintain strict confidentiality of crew member data and that the objective is to evaluate the programme and not the individual.
6.3.2  Formal evaluations should be used to modify the programme to the specific needs of the organization.
　
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